202 



APPENDIX B 

 List of Characters 



The following is the complete list of characters (and associated character states) examined in this 

 study. A more detailed discussion of each character is found in the Character Analysis section. 

 Excluded characters are preceded by an asterisk. 



Snout (21 characters) 



*1) relative position of external nares on snout: 0 = relatively dorsal ("high"); 1 = relatively ventral 

 ("low"). 



*2) relative orientation of external nares on snout: 0 = vertical; 1 = horizontal. 



3) shape of anterior margin of premaxilla in dorsal view: 0 = flat, square, or bi-lobed; 1 = tapered 

 and/or rounded. 



4) triangular lateral extensions of premaxilla into maxilla in dorsal view: 0 = absent; 1 = rudimentary 

 or present. 



5) visibility of ventral portion of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla in lateral view: 0 = 

 always visible; 1 = not always visible. 



6) visibility of middle portion of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla in lateral view: 0 = 

 always visible; 1 = not always visible; 9 = n/a - middle portion not present. 



7) visibility of dorsal portion of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla in lateral view: 0 = 

 always visible; 1 = not always visible; 9 = n/a - dorsal portion not present. 



8) shape of ventral portion of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla: 0 = concave; 1 = straight; 

 2 = convex. 



9) shape of middle portion of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla: 0 = concave; 1 = straight; 

 2 = convex; 9 = n/a - middle portion not present. 



10) shape of dorsal portion of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla: 0 = concave; 1 = straight; 

 2 = convex; 9 = n/a - dorsal portion not present. 



11) contact between nasal processes of premaxilla and nasals: 0 = none; 1 = little (less than width 

 of nasal processes); 2 = broad (greater than or equal to width of nasal processes). 



12) length of nasal processes of premaxilla along maxilla: 0 = extend only part way to nasals; 1 = 

 extend fully or virtually fully to nasals. 



13) shape of anterior margin of nasals (ignoring contribution of nasal suture): 0 = flat or broadly 

 indented; 1 = lobular (uni-, bi-, or tri-lobed). 



14) relative lengths of anterior prongs of nasal bones with a trident-shaped (= tri-lobular) morphology: 

 0 = lateral prongs greater than medial prong; 1 = lateral prongs subequal with medial prong; 2 = 

 lateral prongs less than medial prong; 9 = n/a - nasal bones not trident-shaped. 



15) visibility of nasal septum in dorsal view: 0 = does not extend beyond nasals (not visible); 1 = 

 extends beyond nasals (visible). 



16) shape of posterior edge of nasals, I: 0 = v-shaped (convergent); 1 = w-shaped (divergent). 



17) shape of posterior edge of nasals, II: 0 = pointed; 1 = rounded. 



*18) shape of posterior edge of nasals, III: 0 = pointed v-shape; 1 = rounded v-shape; 2 = rounded 

 w-shape; 3 = pointed w-shape. 



