BOOK III. 



CHAPTER I. 

 1809 — 1810. 



lianza viceroy. audiencia. venegas viceroy. true 



sources of the revolution. creoles loyal to ferdi- 

 nand. spaniards in favor of king joseph. mexican 



subscriptions for spain. — secret union in mexico 

 against spaniards. hidalgo — allende first out- 

 break. guanajuato sacked las cruces. mexico men- 

 aced. indian bravery at aculco. marfil massacre 



at guanajuato calleja. insurgents defeated exe- 

 cution of hidalgo. 



The Archbishop Francisco Xavier de Lianza, 

 LVIII. Viceroy of New Spain. 

 The Audiencia of Mexico, and Venegas, LIX. Viceroy. 

 1809—1810, 



The pictures presented in the introductory chapter to the vice- 

 royal history and in the subsequent detailed narrative of that epoch, 

 will suffice, we presume, to convince our readers that they need not 

 penetrate deeply for the true causes of misery and misrule in 

 Spanish America. The decadence of Spain as well as the present 

 unhappiness of nearly all her ancient colonies may be fairly attributed 

 to the same source of national ruin — bad, unnatural government. 

 A distinguished statesman of our country has remarked that " the 

 European alliance of emperors and kings assumed, as the founda- 

 tion of human society, the doctrine of unalienable allegiance, whilst 

 our doctrine was founded on the principle of unalienable right. " 1 

 This mistaken European view, or rather assumption of royal pre- 



1 John Quincy Adams's letter to Mr. Anderson, minister to Columbia, May 27, 

 1823. See President's message on the Panama Congress, March, 1823. 



