189 



elements, however, can be very different. To determine the homology relations between 

 Blattaria and Mantodea and to reconstruct the ground-plan a comparison between 

 Mantoida, Polyphaga, Tryonicus, Archiblatta, and Eurycotis is most useful. Some L4- 

 sclerotisations and the pda-process will be considered in this section, but the homology 

 discussion of these elements will be completed in 6.3. 



The right parts of L2 and of the Ive-pouch are level in Mantodea (fig. 11, 26, 34, 46) but 

 curve dorsad and back to the left in most Blattaria (fig.54, 55, 94, 95, 118, 122). If this 

 up- and recurved area is extensive, the walls of the Ive-pouch cannot be designated as 

 dorsal and ventral: The wall corresponding to the dorsal Ive-wall of Mantodea (containing 

 L2) is the inner Ive-wall; the wall corresponding to the ventral Ive-wall of Mantodea 

 (mostly membranous) is the outer Ive-wall (compare in 5.5.-5.7.). The respective walls of 

 Ive are homologous, the absence or presence of a curvature being the only difference. The 

 vla-lobe usually shows the same curvature (in the figures via is often pulled to the right), 

 but the walls of via will be designated throughout as dorsal and ventral. 

 Mantoida and Polyphaga have a lot of features in common: 



1. The pouch Ive (fig.46, 122) is flat and lies ventral to the pouch pne. However, in 

 Polyphaga Ive spans almost the whole width of the left complex and is on the whole 

 very large, whereas in Mantoida Ive is restricted to the right part and much smaller. 



2. Sclerite L2 (fig.46, 122) is arch-shaped and extends along the anterior and lateral 

 edges of the Ive-pouch (edges 7 in fig.46, 122). However, in Mantoida L2 is mainly 

 restricted to the dorsal Ive-wall (only its leftmost part bends into the ventral wall, 

 compare fig.46, 47), whereas in Polyphaga L2 bends into the ventral wall all along 

 the edge 7 (compare 7 and L2 in fig. 122 and 123). 



3. The left part of L2 leaves the Ive-pouch posteriorly, bends around the posterior edge 

 of the left complex into the dorsal wall, and sclerotises a process (paa in fig.46, 117). 



4. This L2-sclerotisation on paa is on its left connected with the sclerotisation of a 

 closely adjacent process (pda in 44, 117). However, the shapes of both paa and pda 

 are quite different in Mantoida and Polyphaga. 



5. The right end of L2 articulates with the Llm-region (A2 in fig. 45, 46, 118). However, 

 the right parts of L2 are up- and recurved in Polyphaga but level in Mantoida. 



6. A muscle (13 in fig. 50, 128) runs from the dorsal wall of Ive to pne (compare in 

 6.1.1.). 



7. A muscle (14 in fig. 50, 132) runs from the left edge of Ive to sclerotisations in the 

 left part of the left complex. However, the latter sclerotisations are very different in 

 Polyphaga and Mantoida. 



8. Ventral to the Ive-pouch there is a broad ventral lobe (via in fig. 47, 123). The anterior 

 part of the dorsal via- wall is at the same time the ventral Ive-wall. 



9. The dorsal vla-wall is mostly membranous. The ejaculatory duct (D in fig.46, 47, 123, 

 124) opens into the right anterior part of this membrane. 



10. The ventral vla-wall is part of the ventral wall of the left complex (fig.41, 115) and 

 is largely sclerotised (by L4 or L4M, respectively). 



1 1 . Two or three muscles inserting in the anterior ventral wall of the left complex run to 

 the Ive-pouch: The leftmost one inserts on the left anterior edge of Ive (15 in fig. 50, 

 133). 



