190 



12. The anterior right muscle (or the anterior part of the right one in Mantoida) inserts 

 on the right anterior edge of Ive (anterodorsal part of 16 in fig. 50; 16a in fig. 133). 



13. The posterior right muscle (or the posterior part of the right one in Mantoida) runs 

 to the ejaculatory duct near its opening (posteroventral part of 16 in fig.52, 16b in 

 fig. 132). Muscle 16 is undivided in Mantoida; in Sphodromantis, however, 16 is divided 

 in the same way as in Polyphaga (compare 16a and 16b in fig. 132, 133 and 16, 18). 



All features hsted for Polyphaga are also true of Ergaula (both species, muscles only 

 investigated in E. capucina) - with the exception that the pda-process is missing. 

 Homology is assumed for all these similarities between Mantoida and Polyphaga and for 

 all elements given the same name. 1.-13. are regarded as features of the common ground- 

 plan of Blattaria and Mantodea. Some of the mentioned differences between Polyphaga 

 and Mantoida are bridged by various other Blattaria, which will be discussed subsequently; 

 these species, however, are in some features rather different from Mantoida and/or 

 Polyphaga. 



The Ive-pouch and L2 of Tryonicus (fig. 95) are, like Ive and L2 of Polyphaga, ventral to 

 and to the right of the pne-pouch, and the right parts of L2 and Ive curve dorsad and back 

 to the left (compare fig. 95 and 94). In contrast to Polyphaga, this up- and recurved part 

 is by far more extensive, and it is directed anteriad and conceals the pne-pouch from 

 dorsally. Some features correspond with both Mantoida and Polyphaga: The relative 

 position of articulation A2 is the same; the dorsal Ive-wall is largely sclerotised by L2; 

 the left posterior part of L2 leaves the Ive-pouch and provides the sclerotisation of a 

 process (paa in fig. 94, 97), which is to the left connected with the sclerotisation of another 

 process (pda in fig. 94); the outer (= ventral) Ive-wall is membranous; this membrane is 

 at the same time the dorsal vla-wall (fig.87, 91) and contains the genital opening (D in 

 fig.91, 92) anteriorly; the ventral vla-wall is part of the ventral wall of the left complex 

 and is largely sclerotised (by L4G in fig.87). 



In some features Tryonicus is more similar to Mantoida than Polyphaga is, and these 

 similarities are regarded as further features of the common ground-plan of Blattaria and 

 Mantodea: 



14. The Ive-pouch of Tryonicus does not extend as far to the left as in Polyphaga but is 

 restricted to the right part of the left complex as in Mantoida (compare feature 1.; 

 fig.46, 97, 122). 



15. L2 does not, in contrast to Polyphaga, occupy the margins of the outer = ventral Ive- 

 wall but is restricted to the inner = dorsal Ive-wall (fig. 92, 94-98); this situation ap- 

 proximates that in Mantoida (compare feature 2.). 



16. The shapes of both paa and pda are quite similar in Mantoida and Tryonicus (fig. 44, 

 96; compare feature 4.): both are short and bulge-like, and paa is somewhat upcurved. 



As a consequence, some features of Polyphaga (and Ergaula) are assumed to be derived: 

 (1) the extension of the Ive-pouch almost to the left edge of the left complex; (2) the L2- 

 sclerotisation in the marginal ventral Ive-wall; (3) the special shapes of paa and pda. 

 In some other features Tryonicus is certainly derived: (1) L2 is much broader than in 

 Mantoida and Polyphaga and has lost the arch-shape of the ground-plan since its dorsal 

 part is directed anteriad (fig. 94-97; compare feature 2). (2) Another feature concerns the 



