196 



L2p and L2m) have probably fused (fig.324a-c, compare fig.324d). In Chaeteessa and 

 Metallyticus, as compared with Mantoida, the Ive-pouch has strongly narrowed (compare 

 fig. 26, 34 and 46), and L2 is also narrow. In Sphodromantis the anterior part of the Ive- 

 pouch is deeply invaginated to the left, and L2 forms a broad transverse tongue (fig. 11). 

 This resembles the situation in Archiblatta (compare the course of edge 7 in fig. 11 and 

 55) - certainly a case of parallel evolution. 



As in Mantoida, in Chaeteessa, Metallyticus, and Sphodromantis the membranous ventral 

 Ive-wall is a (left) anterior part of the dorsal via- wall (fig. 12, 27, 35), the ejaculatory duct 

 (D in fig. 11, 12, 26, 32) opens far anteriorly into the dorsal vla-wall, and the ventral vla- 

 wall is part of the ventral wall of the left complex and is largely sclerotised (by L4 or 

 L4A in fig. 6, 20, 28). The genital opening lies in Sphodromantis within the Ive-pouch 

 (hke in Mantoida and Polyphaga); in Metallyticus and Chaeteessa it is a bit, or far, 

 respectively, to the right of the pouch and outside of it. 



The homology of Ive and L2 of Mantoida and Sphodromantis is confirmed by the 

 musculature: 15, 16a, and 16b of Sphodromantis (fig. 15, 16, 18) show the same arrangement 

 as 15 and 16 in Mantoida (fig. 50, 52). Both species have a stout muscle 13 from L2 to LI 

 (fig. 16, 50). Muscle 14 inserts on the left edge of Ive (fig. 15, 50) and has its opposite 

 insertion (on L4-sclerotisations) immediately to the left of the dorsal 12-insertion. 

 However, the latter insertions of both 12 and 14 are in Sphodromantis by far more to the 

 right than in Mantoida. This topic will be taken up again in 6.3.3.. Muscle 18 of 

 Sphodromantis (fig. 16) consists of very few fibers at most (completely missing in some 

 specimens). Snodgrass (1937) finds this muscle well-developed in Tenodera sinensis 

 (Mantidae; muscle 13 in Snodgrass' fig. 1 OD). Hence, 18 of Sphodromantis represents either 

 a vestige or an early evolutionary stage of this muscle. Since 18 is missing in Mantoida 

 and all Blattaria it is not assumed to be a muscle of the Mantodean ground-plan. 



6.2.4. Homology relations and character states of the elements in Blattaria 



Polyphaga, Ergaula, Tryonicus, Archiblatta, and Eurycotis 

 These species have been sufficiently discussed in 6.2 A.. 



Lamproblatta 



The pouch and the ventral lobe labelled Ive and via in fig. 180 resemble in many respects 

 the Ive and via of the previous species: The Ive-pouch lies ventral to the pne-pouch. Its 

 dorsal wall is largely sclerotised (L2A, L2B). Its ventral wall is mostly membranous, is 

 at the same time the dorsal vla-wall (fig. 180, 181), and contains the genital opening (D 

 in fig. 180, 181) in its right part. The ventral wall of via is part of the ventral wall of the 

 left complex and is partly sclerotised (L4R in fig. 174, 181). However, in Lamproblatta 

 there are two problems: 



- Instead of only one sclerite L2 as in the former species there are two within the Ive- 

 pouch (L2A and L2B), and around articulation A4 the Ive-pouch has a deep recess 

 (fig. 180). The questions arise if either only the part to the left of the recess (with L2A) 

 corresponds to the Ive-pouch of the other species, or if the part to the right of the recess 

 (with L2B) is also a true part of Ive, and whether L2B really is a part of L2 (or of LI: 



