219 



slightly anteriad. The posteriormost part of L41 completely sclerotises a bulge-like process 

 pda. The sclerotisation of pda is connected with the sclerotisation of paa (region L2d). 

 The right posterior part of L4 (region L4v) lies in the ventral vla-wall. The presence of 

 the L4c-region is questionable, but a sclerite L4F is certainly missing. The L4n-region is 

 present. The presence of the nla-process is unclear. The muscles 12, 14, and 16b are present. 

 12 and 14 have their L4-insertions close together on the swe-apodeme in the left edge of 

 the left complex. 



6.3.3. Homology relations and character states of the elements in Mantodea 



In Chaeteessa (fig. 28), Metallyticus (fig. 20), and Sphodromantis (fig. 6), the ventral wall 

 of the left complex is completely sclerotised, not only along its margins as in Mantoida 

 (fig.41). In Chaeteessa, however, the marginal ventral sclerotisation is distinctly heavier 

 and is assumed to correspond to L4 of Mantoida (fig. 325a- d) - composed of the ground- 

 plan regions L41 and L4v (and possibly L4c). The anterior transverse bridge of heavier 

 sclerotisation present in Chaeteessa is probably also a ground-plan element (L4n-region). 

 The weaker sclerotisation of the remaining ventral wall is new and is defined as a further 

 region of L4 (fig.325a-c): 



- L4b (between): The sclerotisation of the ventral wall of the left complex between the 



ground-plan regions L41, L4n, and L4v (and possibly L4c). 

 In Metallyticus and Sphodromantis this L4b-sclerotisation is further derived in being as 

 heavy as the ground-plan regions of L4. The presence of L4n is not assessable for this 

 uniformity of the ventral sclerotisation (in fig.325a,b the interpretation is done in 

 accordance with Chaeteessa). The presence of a region L4c is in Chaeteessa, Metallyticus, 

 and Sphodromantis as uncertain as in Mantoida (? in fig.325a-d). 



As compared with Mantoida (fig. 44) or Archiblatta (fig. 53), in Chaeteessa (fig. 31), 

 Metallyticus (fig.21), and Sphodromantis (fig. 9) the L4-sclerotisation in the dorsal wall of 

 the left complex has expanded to the right: In Chaeteessa and Sphodromantis L4 occupies 

 most of the dorsal wall, in Metallyticus it is restricted to the anterior part. By this expansion 

 L4 now covers the external opening of the pne-pouch from dorsally. Possibly in correlation 

 with this expansion the pne-pouch has rotated to the right (clockwise as seen from behind; 

 compare in 6.1.3.). These shifts are very obvious in Chaeteessa and Sphodromantis but 

 less distinct in Metallyticus. 



The muscle insertions on the L41-region of Mantoida (fig.48-52, 325d) and on the dorsal 

 part of L4 (L4B) of Sphodromantis (fig. 15- 17, 325a) also demonstrate these shifts: The 

 muscles 11 (to LI anteriorly in the pne-pouch), 12 (to LI more posteriorly in the pne- 

 pouch), 14 (to L2), and 17 (to the left posterior ventral wall of the left complex) are certainly 

 homologous in the two species, but in Sphodromantis all insertions on L4 have shifted 

 far to the right. These insertions also show that the extensive dorsal L4-sclerotisations of 

 Sphodromantis (L4B) have not been produced by an expansion of the L4d-region 

 {Mantoida: fig.44) but of the L41-region (fig.325a): 12, 14, and 17 of Mantoida are not 

 inserted on L4d but on L41. At the most a small right-anterior part of L4B of 

 Sphodromantis (posterior to the U-insertion, fig. 17) might be regarded as representing L4d 

 (fig. 325a). Whether this distribution of L41 and L4d in the dorsal wall is also true of 



