220 



Chaeteessa and Metallyticus is unclear (no data for the musculature); in fig.325b,c L41 

 and L4d are demarcated in accordance with the situation in Sphodromantis . In any case, 

 in Chaeteessa, Metallyticus, and Sphodromantis the L4d-region is no longer distinct from 

 the L41-region. 



The pda-process of Metallyticus (fig. 20, 23-26) is in its shape and in its position relative 

 to the paa-process similar to pda of Mantoida (fig.44-46) and is likewise sclerotised by 

 L4. Homology is assumed for the pda of the two species. However, in Metallyticus the 

 sclerotisations of pda and paa are separated, and the processes themselves are more 

 distinct from each other and by far longer. These two features also apply to Sphodromantis 

 and Mantis: In Mantis (no figure) pda is shovel-shaped and far on the left side as in 

 Metallyticus. In Sphodromantis (fig. 9- 12), certainly a close relative of Mantis, pda is long 

 and slender and has shifted to the right. Thus, despite the different morphology of pda in 

 Mantoida and Sphodromantis, these evolutionary stages suggest homology. In Chaeteessa 

 the pda-process has been completely lost. (The one posterior process of Chaeteessa, fig. 28, 

 has proved to be paa; compare in 6.2.3.). 



Only in Sphodromantis and Metallyticus (and Mantis, which will not be further considered) 

 the dorsal and ventral parts of L4 have become separated by an articulation (Al in fig. 6, 

 10, 20, 24; sclerites L4A, L4B). The dividing hne runs within the L41-region (fig.325a,b). 

 This is evident from the positions of the involved sclerotisations (compare fig.325a,b and 

 c,d) and from the muscle insertions: In Sphodromantis (fig. 325a) si inserts on L4A, but 

 12, 14, and 17 insert on L4B, and all these insertions belong to L41 (compare Mantoida, 

 fig.325d). This division of L41 reminds one of the L41-division in Tryonicus (by A5 in 

 fig. 88, 97, 325g). However, the courses of the dividing lines are different: The pda- 

 sclerotisation, for example, is part of the posterodorsal plate (L4N) in Tryonicus but part 

 of the ventral plate (L4A) in Metallyticus and Sphodromantis (compare fig.329c and e). 

 Thus, the articulations Al and A5 are certainly not homologous, and the division of L41 

 is a case of parallel evolution. 



The swe-apodeme is well-developed in Mantoida and Archiblatta (fig. 45, 53). In 

 Chaeteessa swe has been completely lost. Metallyticus has retained a vestige of swe on 

 the left margin of the ventral L4A (fig. 24). Sphodromantis has a vestige on the left margin 

 of the dorsal L4B (fig. 10, 11). This suggests that swe has been cut through by the division 

 into L4A and L4B and confirms that the L41-region participates in both L4A and L4B. 



6.3.4. Homology relations and character states of the elements in Blattaria 



Archiblatta, Eurycotis, and Tryonicus 



These species have been sufficiently discussed in 6.3.1. 



Cryptocercus, Lamproblatta, Polyphaga, Ergaula, and Anaplecta 



In Tryonicus (fig.325g) the L41-region is divided by articulation A5: The anterior parts of 

 L41 form, together with L4n, the L4K-sclerite; the posterior parts of L41 (with the pda- 

 sclerotisation) form, together with L4d, the L4N-sclerite. The connection of the 

 sclerotisations of pda (L41) and paa (L2d, fig.324g) is retained. The swe-apodeme has 



