226 



- In Polyphaga and Lamproblatta L4K bears the insertion of a muscle coming from the 

 sclerotisation L4d (or from the adjacent membrane; 111 in fig. 128, 184). Taking the 

 assumed rotation of L4K in Polyphaga into account, the insertion on L4K is in exactly 

 the same position. Ill is missing in Cryptocercus and all other species and is a derived 

 feature of Polyphaga, Ergaula, and Lamproblatta. 

 The insertion of muscle si (fig. 127) has retained the same position as in Lamproblatta 

 (fig. 185) and Cryptocercus (left part of sl+3 in fig. 158, 159): on the basal hne anterior 

 to the hla-base. The hla-muscle 114, present in all other Blattaria studied (discussion in 

 6.4.), is missing in Polyphaga, and the hla-hook and its sclerite L3 are bare of muscles. 

 The function of 114 has probably been taken over by the very stout 14, which does not 

 insert on L3 but on the dorsal part of L4K situated within the hla-base. 

 The muscles 12 are certainly homologous in Polyphaga, Lamproblatta, Cryptocercus 

 (fig. 128, 184, 156), Mantoida, Ewjcotis, and Anaplecta (fig. 49, 70, 221; discussion in 

 6.1.). The ground-plan positions of the 12-insertions are shown by the three latter species: 

 right insertion in the left wall of the pne-pouch; left insertion roughly in the middle of 

 the left edge of the left complex. In Cryptocercus, Lamproblatta, and Polyphaga, as a first 

 point, the right 12-insertion has shifted anteriad to the top of the pne-pouch (compare in 

 6.1.). As a second point, the left insertion also shows a gradual shift to the anterior and 

 takes a position (1) more anteriorly than in the ground-plan but still on the L41- 

 sclerotisation (L4K) in Cryptocercus, (2) even more anteriorly and anterior to the L41- 

 sclerotisation (L4K) in Lamproblatta, and (3) still more anteriorly, and ventrally, but again 

 on sclerotisation (L4M) in Polyphaga. The various stages of this 12-shift are regarded as 

 synapomorphies of the species concerned. The 12-insertion is assumed to have shifted away 

 from the L41-region {Lamproblatta, Polyphaga) and to have later reached a position on 

 another sclerotisation formed by an enlargement of the ventral sclerotisation of the vla- 

 lobe {Polyphaga; this aspect is discussed below). Hence, contrary to the definition of L41 

 in 6.3.1., the sclerotisation bearing the 12-insertion in Polyphaga is not assigned to L41 

 since the fact that the shifted 12 inserts on sclerotisation is not the result of a concomitant 

 shift or expansion of L41. 



In Polyphaga the contribution of the L41-region to L4K can be directly deduced from the 

 14-insertion on L4K. For the presence of L4n, however, there is, like in Lamproblatta, no 

 direct evidence (the nla-process and muscle 114 are missing). L4K is hence assumed to 

 be mainly made of anterior parts of L41, with little (like in Cryptocercus) or no contribution 

 from L4n. 



The situation in Ergaula capucina (fig.326d, 327d) can be derived from that in Polyphaga 

 (fig.326c, 327c): L4K is likewise ventral to the hla-base but has shifted even further 

 anteriad. The dorsal part of L4K, which bends into the hla-base, is distinctly shorter 

 (compare edges X in fig. 326c and d) and fused to the ventral anterior margin of sclerite 

 L3 (along edge X and more anteriorly). A muscle coming from the same part of L2 as 14 

 in Polyphaga, which is certainly homologous with this 14, inserts on this compound sclerite 

 (mainly along edge X: 14 in fig.327d). Muscle 111 has the same insertions as in Polyphaga 

 and Lamproblatta (fig.327b,c,d) but is much stouter. The muscles 12 and si insert like in 

 Polyphaga. 



