235 



anteriad (compare in 6.1.4.). The homology of the L8-sclerites is also strongly supported 

 by the insertions of three muscles (112, b2, 19) in their immediate vicinity: 112 (fig. 128, 

 129, 186, 188; discussion in 6.2.4.) runs to the right ventral (or outer) wall of the Ive- 

 pouch, with its insertion close to that of 16a (fig. 133, 188). b2 (fig. 127, 184; discussion 

 in 6.8.) runs to the ventral part of the right phallomere, where the insertion, however, has 

 a slightly different position in Polyphaga and Ergaula on the one hand (R3, fig. 141) and 

 Lamproblatta on the other (membrane next to R2, fig. 198). 19 (fig. 127, 184, 170; 

 discussion below) runs to the left dorsal wall of the left complex. L8 and the three muscles 

 are assumed to be homologous, and L8 and 112 are regarded as derived features of these 

 species. 



Ergaula and Euijcotis have sclerites in the dorsal wall of the pne-pouch (L9 in fig. 322m; 

 L6A and L6B in fig.66), but L9 and L6 are probably not homologous. Sclerite Lll (fig.91) 

 is peculiar to Tryonicus. 



Many species have transverse muscles within the dorsal wall of the left complex, which 

 have been termed 19: Mantoida (fig.49), Eurycotis (fig.70), Polyphaga (fig. 127, 129), 

 Cryptocercus (fig. 155), Lamproblatta (fig. 170, 185), Anaplecta (fig.221), Nahublattella 

 (19a and 19b in fig. 249), Sphodromantis (fig. 17; "b4, 19?" might be the homologue of 

 either 19 or b4a and b4b of Mantoida: compare in 6.7.3.). However, the exact position 

 and the extension of these 19 can be rather different. The homology of 19 of Lamproblatta 

 and Polyphaga (and Ergaula) is highly probable since the right insertion is on or near 

 sclerite L8 and close to the insertions of 112 and b2. In Polyphaga (and Ergaula) as well 

 as in Anaplecta and Nahublattella 19 has its left insertion, at least in part, on the right 

 wall of the pne-pouch. This relation between pne and 19 is assumed to have been lost in 

 Lamproblatta by the right-anteriad shift of pne and LI (compare in 6.1.4.). 19 of Eurycotis 

 has a similar position hke the dorsal part of 19 of Polyphaga. In Cryptocercus 19 is far on 

 the left; that its left insertion is next to the L4d-region (left part of sclerite L4N in fig. 155) 

 and close to the U-insertion resembles the situation in Mantoida (fig.48, 49; compare in 

 6.3.4.), but this close relation between 19 and L4d is in contrast to Polyphaga (fig. 127, 

 128). On the other hand, 19 of Mantoida is farther to the right than 19 of Cryptocercus, 

 and its overall position is similar to that of 19 of Eurycotis and the dorsal part of 19 of 

 Polyphaga. In my view, these similarities are sufficient to assume homology for all these 

 19-muscles and to regard 19 as an element of the common ground-plan of Blattaria and 

 Mantodea. In the evolution of 19, some shifts might have occun^ed, or different parts of 

 19 might have been reduced or enlarged in the various species. 



Some Blattaria have muscles from the ejaculatory duct D to that part of the dorsal wall 

 of the vla-lobe posterior to the genital opening; these have been termed 113: Polyphaga 

 (fig. 132), Cryptocercus (fig.155), Lamproblatta (fig. 188), Anaplecta (fig.222), Eurycotis 

 (113h in fig.72). Homology is tentatively assumed for them though their positions are 

 somewhat different. In Anaplecta 113 bridges the base of the vfa-outfolding (an outfolding 

 from the anteriormost dorsal wall of via, compare in 6.2.4.). In Eurycotis some other 

 diffuse muscles within the vla-lobe have been assigned to 113 (113a,b,c,d,e,f,g,i in fig.71- 

 73); these could be new muscles, or some of them might be split off parts of the true 113 

 {Archiblatta, Blattei, Periplaneta, and Deropeltis not investigated). In Mantodea no 113- 



