292 



fused secondarily to form sclerite RIT'. Only in Blaberus, Blaptica, and Byrsotria the 

 ate-tendon has shortened and broadened (6.3.4.; ate has remained long and thin in 

 Nauphoeta), the LlO'-sclerotisation has evolved (one sclerite in Blaberus, fig. 299; many 

 small sclerites in Blaptica, fig.291, and Byrsotria), and the via-process and some adjacent 

 elements have rotated (6.2.4.; this rotation, which includes a dorsad shift of the genital 

 opening, is most advanced in Blaberus). 



At least Blaberus has developed the muscles 141 to 146 and rl2 to rl8 (not investigated 

 in Nauphoeta, Blaptica, and Byrsotria) and lost muscle s7 (6.9.; s7 is present at least in 

 Nauphoeta; not investigated in Byrsotria and Blaptica). 



7.4. Survey of phylogeny and aut/synapomorphies 



In this section, the character states assumed to be autapomorphies of subgroups are listed, 

 and a phylogenetic tree is given (diagram 1). The autapomorphies are termed by bold 

 printed numbers put in brackets. Some symbols give additional information: !: The same 

 apomorphic character state has evolved in at least one other subgroup, too, and homology 

 is not contradicted by morphological data or functional arguments but only by the 

 distribution of the apomorphic states of other characters (i.e. by parsimony). The 

 apomorphic state has the same number in all subgroups concerned. ?: The position of the 

 autapomorphy in the tree is questionable, due either to lack of investigations or to not 

 definitely interpretable morphology. (? element): The homology of the named element and 

 hence that of the respective apomorphic state in the various species included in the 

 subgroup is questionable. // separates different conceivable morphological interpretations 

 of character states. In the tree bold print, the brackets, and the symbols except for ? are 

 omitted. 



The plesiomorphic character states are given in brackets, and for each state the taxon or 

 subgroup is named within the range of which it is plesiomorphic: (1) In most cases one 

 character state is hsted which is plesiomorphic within Blattaria and Mantodea as a whole 

 (i.e. which is present in the common ground-plan of Blattaria and Mantodea). Such a 

 character state is preceded by "BM:" = Blattaria + Mantodea. (2) In some cases one 

 character state is listed whose categorisation as plesiomorphic is related to the range of 

 Blattaria, of Mantodea, or of a subgroup of Blattaria or Mantodea which is superordinate 

 to the subgroup under consideration and includes it. Such a character state is preceded by 

 the name of the respective superordinate subgroup or taxon, e.g. "SG2.2.:" = subgroup 

 2.2., "SGI.:" = Mantodea, "SG2.:" = Blattaria. This is practised if the character concerns 

 a property of an element whose presence in the common ground-plan of Blattaria and 

 Mantodea is uncertain, if the character is for any reason not assessable in the species 

 outside the named subgroup or taxon, or if an exact description of the character is only 

 possible within the named subgroup (e.g. if a sclerotisation has divided and changed its 

 shape previously, and the character concerns a further derivation of such a sclerotisation). 

 (3) If several states of a character form a transformation series, all states which are more 

 plesiomorphic than the named apomorphic state are listed, and for each of them the 

 respective subgroup is given as in (1) and (2). 



