324 



LI (Mantoida) to the base ot the hla-hook (Nahublattella). In these two cases, the 

 morphology of Anaplecta reveals how these shifts have taken place (and that with high 

 probability the insertions have shifted). 



In my view the arrangement of the musculature is a very important element of the 

 homology analysis. A simultaneous consideration and a mutual weighing of similarities in 

 the cuticular elements and in the musculature - combined with the investigation of a larger 

 sample of species - has proved most useful in this work. Moreover, in this kind of 

 proceding, the consideration of the musculature has the advantage that the information 

 about the shifts of insertions, the losses, divisions, fusions, or de-novo-formations of 

 muscles can provide many autapomorphies - in addition to those gathered from cuticular 

 morphology. In my view, a homology hypothesis on the Blattarian phallomere elements 

 which accepts extensive inconsistencies in the arrangement of the musculature is not very 

 convincing. 



The division into 11 subregions per side 



Mizukubo & Hirashima deduce the presence of a natural division into 11 subregions on 

 each side of the phallomere complex from the morphology of various Blattinae. However, 

 in my view their special kind of procedure is debatable. (The subsequently used terms of 

 Mizukubo & Hirashima can be distinguished from mine by D or V in the second position.) 

 Mizukubo & Hirashima assume that the sclerotisations comprised in Rl in my terminology 

 represent 7 subregions (compare Eurycotis, fig.74-78, 330g, 33 le, 332e, dsid Archiblatta, 

 fig.330f): 



1. RDld essentially region Rid (sclerite RIH) 



2. RDll sclerotisation of process pra, part of region Rid 



3. RDlm sclerotisation of spine sra, part of region Rid 



4. RDlv essentially region Rlv (sclerite RIG) 



5. RDlvm a ribbon-like sclerotisation connecting RIH and RIG; missing in Eurycotis 



but present in Archiblatta in the ventral wall of lobe fda (compare fig.330f 

 and g) 



6. RD21 essentially region Rlc 



7. RD2d essentially region Rlt (with ridge pva) 

 The remaining subregions of the right phallomere are: 



8. RD2v sclerite R2 



9. RD3 sclerite R3 



10. RVv sclerite L4G (region L4v on lobe via) 



11. RVd right part of sclerite L5 of Periplaneta (within ejaculatory duct, compare 



in 6.5.); RVd is supposed to have fused with its left counterpart LVd = 



left part of sclerite L5. 

 In my view, Rl is in the common ground-plan of Blattaria and Mantodea either one 

 undivided sclerite (more probable) or composed of three sclerites (RIF, RIG, RIH; 

 separated by the articulations A8 and A9; 6.7.1.). For the ground-plan of Blattaria I 

 assumed the latter condition, which is still present in Eurycotis. For the subregions RDll, 

 RDlm, RDlvm, RD2d, and RD21 there is no indication that they have been separate 



