226 On the Seals of the Bishops of Salisbury. 



noticed a very perfect one on the tomb of Bishop Richard of Kilkenny 

 in Ely Cathedral, circa 1256. Four or five of the Norwich seals 

 also seem to have it, and Demay gives three forms of it, though not 

 under the name rationale (Figs. 350, 354, 355, cf. pp. 283, 284). 

 Some Bishops also had the pallium (I.e. p. 291), but what looks like 

 it is often only a pattern on the chasuble. 



In all these the legend round the figure is of exactly the same 

 type (with slight differences of spelling in the words Saresbiriensis, 

 and gratia) 3 viz., Hubertus or Herbertus or Robertus dei gratia Sares- 

 biriensis, or Saresberiensis Episcopus, always, that is to say, in the 

 nominative case, and always with the formula dei gratia, which 

 indeed is universal with us up to the Reformation, and all but uni- 

 versal in other English dioceses. In Scotland after 1450, the words 

 begin to be dropped. In one of our seals, that of Robert de Wyke- 

 hampton, the letters R. II. to right and left of the figure seem to 

 represent Robert II. In seals of this class the name of the city 

 seems to be spelt always with an " e " as the second vowel, and 

 generally with an " i " as the third ; that is, Saresbiriensis (once 

 Sarresbiriensis, with two rrs, and twice Saresberiensis) . This spelling 

 is in fact the usual one up to the Reformation. Sarum is found 

 from 1330 onwards, but not at all regularly. Sarisburiensis appears 

 in 1428, as an isolated instance, and from Jewel onwards is the 

 regular form. 



The most distinctive and characteristic mark of the legends of our 

 first class is the use of the nominative case, instead of Sigillum with 

 the genitive. Mr. Hope does not very clearly discriminate the 

 frequency of the use of the two legends Ricardus and Sigillum 

 Ricardi, though the three earliest that he notices have Sigillum with 

 the genitive, and then follow two in the nominative. Up to 1305 

 (he writes) " the nominative and genitive cases are used indiscrimi- 

 nately, and I could not lay down any general rule for them." After 

 1305 the genitive form alone is used, and this agrees with the 

 evidence of our series with one exception, one of those of Roger de 

 Mortival, 1315. The Scottish seals have regularly Sigillum with 

 the genitive, with three exceptions in the twelfth and thirteenth 

 centuries (Vol. I., 903 ; Vol II., 1002, 1048), and one, remarkably 



