PASSALIDJE. 



205 



position and surroundings of: the abdominal stigmata. Both,, 

 however, agree that the LucANiDiE aud Scarab^ld^ are descended 

 from one stock, but Ganglbauer believes that the latter are much 

 higher in the scale than the former. 



Between 14,000 and 15,000 species of Lamellicornia have 

 been named and described; of these the Passalidte comprise 

 some 400 or 500 species, the Lucanid^e 500 or 600, while the 

 ScAitAB^iDiE contain the remainder. About 1300 in all are found 

 in the Indian region. The smallest subfamily of the Scarab vEID.e 

 in point of numbers is the Dynastiin vE : these number only 1000 

 species, of which only 46 occur in India. The Me lolont niNiE 

 number about 4000, the Rutelim 1500 to 2000, and the 

 Ceton UNiE about 1600 ; the Laparostict Lamellicornia as a 

 whole contain about 5000 species. 



The three families Passalld.e, Lqcatsid^;, and IScaraBjEidte 

 are distinguished as follows by Arrow (Fauna of British India, 

 Lamellicornia, part i, p. 22) : — 



I. Antennse not elbowed, the joints of the club not [p. 205. 



very thin, brought together by rolling up Passalidae, 



II. Antennae elbowed, not capable of rolling up, the [p. 207. 



joints of the club not very thin nor coadapted . . Lncanidae, 



III. Antenna? not elbowed nor capable of being rolled 



up, the joints of the club very thin and closely [p. 209. 



coadapted Scarabaeidae, 



Family 100. PASSALIDiE. 



Form flat (vert/ rarely cylindrical) ; antennae pectinate, but not 

 elbowed or geniculate ; lab rum not connate ivith the clypeus, mobile; 

 mentum emarginate, the emargination being fllled with the ligula ; 

 mandibles the same in both sexes, not strongly developed ; intermediate 

 coxce almost globular ; elytra entirely covering the abdomen. 



So far as the imagines are concerned, this is an exceedingly 

 uninteresting family, consisting of some live 

 hundred species of singularly uniform appear- 

 ance, being large, more or less shiny, depressed, 

 elongate-oblong insects, with the elytra marked 

 with (as a rule ten) strong longitudinal sulci 

 or furrows ; a few species are more or less 

 cylindrical. The family is not represented in 

 Europe, and one species only, Passalus cor- 

 nutus, F., is found in America north of 

 Mexico ; it is, however, not uncommon in 

 the tropical regions of both the Old and the 

 New Worlds. The genera are well repre- 

 Fig. 92. sented in the Indian region, although coiu- 



Tassalus darjeelivgi paratively few species appear to have been 

 (natural size). recorded. 



