36 



but clear water should be pumped through it before it is put away. It 

 is well to oil all the working parts occasionally, as a little oil at times 

 may prevent the metal from being cut, and the pump will be thus pre- 

 served much longer than otherwise. Nozzles are also benefited by the 

 same treatment. Oil can scarcely be used too freely on the inside of 

 such apparatus, and an occasional coat of paint on the outside will assist 

 materially in protecting the metal. The careless man pays dearly for 

 his neglect." 



Mr. B. T. Galloway in the Bushberg Catalogue Grape Manual 

 says : — 



" It has been pointed out in various publications by the writer that 

 a sprayer to be effective requires first of all a good strong force pump. 

 Next in importance is a nozzle that will throw a mist-like spray and 

 will not clog when thick fluids are used. There are plenty of machines 

 on the market filling all these requirements. For convenience they 

 may be divided into three classes : (1) horse power automatic machines ; 

 (2) machines drawn by horse power, but operated by hand ; and (3) 

 hand machines. All belonging to the first group are unnecessarily ex- 

 pensive and complicated, and will not do the work as thoroughly and 

 effectively as the machines belonging to the second and third groups. 



Of the second group, in which the cheapest and most practical and 

 efficient example is found in a strong, light, double acting double-dis- 

 charge force pump, mounted on a barrel, it may be said that while 

 they cannot do the work as rapidly as the machines of the first class, 

 they are more effective, much cheaper, and far less wasteful of the 

 liquid used. 



" To the third class belong the knapsack sprayers, which are 

 the only ones necessary to notice in this connection. There is no 

 question that for all moderately low-growing crops the knapsack 

 sprayer fills every requirement. In no other machine is the work so 

 absolutely at all times under controi, it being possible to place nearly 

 every drop of the liquid exactly where it is needed. Knapsack pumps 

 are now used in many moderate sized vineyards, also in places where 

 the horse-power apparatus, owing to the nature of the land or the 

 manner ot cultivation, cannot be utilised. 



" Many firms throughout the United States are engaged in the 

 manufacture and sale of the various machines mentioned. 



" For appbying sulphur various devices are in use. Probably the 

 simplest is that employed by the grape growers of California, i. e., a tin 

 can holding about a gallon, provided at the top with a strong, rigid 

 handle, and having the bottom punched full of small holes. Owing to 

 the manner in which the vines are trained, two rows can be treated at 

 a time by one man. A can containing sulphur is simply held in each 

 hand and given a slight twist over a vine in each row. This scatters the 

 sulphur over the entire plant and the operator then passes to the next 

 two vines. Of course this plan could not be followed in the East, 

 owing to the way in which the vines are trained. Various styles o£ 

 sulphuring bellows have been designed for the work." 



Spray machinery can be obtained from the United States through 

 various merchants. 



The following articles on Fungicides, Fungous Diseases of the Grape, 

 are adapted from Messrs Galloway & Lodeman's works : — 



