mental Activity , " 1 ** W ol lhc 

 birds". 



Kiol-uMut' by the Galapagos 

 (inches, ii is Futthw suifcesttdi may 

 also have arisen in a conflict siura 

 Hon. A liuch raAChtllfi lor a grub 

 fftight accidentally SUfl a twig m 

 the crevice. SO forcing the insect 

 within range of its beak, and coiise- 



qaenfty the bird might loam lo asso 

 dale placing a twij m the hole with 

 food. 



Ihe.se theories merit respect. 1 hey 

 are weakened, however, by the 

 author's supposition, based on the 

 van I awick-Goodall paper Of I ''<'<>. 

 thai tool-lisiiii: is confined 10 die 

 I g\ ptian Vulture and the Wood 

 pcckCi ftlK*. FtftfhW thought on the 

 subject is needed in view of die lact 

 that avian tool-using has many 

 lacels, and also hecause egg- 

 smashing bv VuttVWM HOI resl tided 

 to one area (as was supposed) or 

 even to one species Tonsidcralion 

 ,s needed, particularly, of Hie Buz- 



zard's actions in attacking an Ertiul 

 bctorc seeing ils eggs. 



As tO the origin of the piaci^ I 

 h v tb« yVoodpeeker (Inch land ; ,K r , I 

 the Mangrove Finch) ol prising g !Ur . 

 from crevices, doubtless Alcock | 

 |h60ry Of UH "accidental" basis I 

 as valid as any other that can be py; I 

 loiward. Similarly, the boweriarfcl 

 thai hold wads in their beaks whiK \ 

 painliug may have begun to do So 

 fortmlousK through picking up <0 

 Kirk while gathetmp. painting maici- 

 [al, EvCtl "ow. it seems, the shreiWcu 

 hack used as "stoppers" sometime, 

 becomes pail of the "paint" 



Finally, it may be noted thai ir 

 his book Dominion Mammal \%\. 

 ney. I "711) Sir Macfarhue Burnt- 

 says. "Intelligence is effective m th: 

 use ol tools to procure a desired 

 result" I laving Ibis CticUlKl in miiut 

 wc nruv well reflect anew rcgarJin E 

 the level ot mental activity in (Ca- 

 using birds. I'or, certainly, rln-r 

 actions in each case produce 

 desired result". 



Kn hum is 



Alcock. J.. "The origin of tool usins by fceyptiim Vulture^, ibk Oct 1970 

 Bennett. K. H.. in A. J. North, UtSU »nd Bm 1 V- WJJ 

 Berncv. P. J . "Black breasted Bu//md '. Efflth 5. p IK, IWQ 

 Brown. I H. and F K. Urban. Bioloey of ihe Grcal While MiW - M April 



tase<!Toid. Amualiu» Fatlur ami Hon. P- Mb Sydnev. M 



(h.sl.olm, A. H. B.nJ tf&den «i Australia. P , l&l NM and Uer. 

 "The use by birds of tonb ur instrument-." tms, pp. 'K(l U-4 



Owe ol the erimlfial Hmfui . Hrrdld, sutnev. inly »67. 



Flcay. 15.. •F.-vglw do pMV and enjoy n H» M . CwtSw »WMWft - W im 

 Gould, J,. Homihook Ki lht NrJs o/ AuMruha I p. »•'. I*"* 



Hobhs. I., Use ot tools by the Whire W.n^cd Chough". I /« Apdl ' JK 



LawiekGoodall. J & H.. ' fsc of tools by the BgypO^ Vulture . fM*r. DW 



_!^'"rool-t.sing bird the Ecvptfctn Vuliurc". IVm. GVo«r ft*., Mav. ISA 



, -Vultures that use tools", rfftfrrrdb ilnchmdl. July I95W 



Fetch. G. F., ;Bu/«.rd> destmyu.fi Emu Bg*f . rViM* QWMUrfN* MUM*. 



MetinaUF n'h F ^2" » f , ta « h , '^fflfW* Whi " f '* ,nW ' : ' J < M ""- 

 Sunravsia N.hts. Kcieurch Irust, April 19.0 



Wallace. Fn/- Malay AnhirtU'S" i*™ Ids eh^ter). ISiW. 



)ga Vld Nat Vol 88 



