fa (he male docs all the incubating, 

 presumably because the enormous dis- 

 jn ces tO ihe open sea and fish makes 

 flfifl work impracticable Sometimes 

 !l K biid wdl be caughl in a blizzard 

 uhen .silting on his nest, and be buried 

 up to the tip trf his beak in ihe 

 Muiw. Ihe two chicks are launched. 

 Mt to lend, but not fully grown. 

 „ the spring, when the parents go 

 ,,ff 10 sea to fatten teady tor the 



Vl.ist penguins live in large colonics. 

 (U Adches oftCft being 5 or b million 

 >mmg. This is partly bee;iuse they 

 .,,n only nest in those areas where 

 mere is a break in the ice-shelf >ur- 

 riunding most of the continent, and 

 they are able to scramble ashore. At 

 G,pc Hailed carbon dating shows 

 |n the colony is over 1000 years 

 uld. 



Ihe species lhat live further north 

 -,,,\c .i kinder climate, .md most 

 build cither m tussocky grass or in 

 iHitrows. often burrows vacated by 

 ,ther animate I "he Snares N.md pen- 

 gum roosts in the lower branches of 

 jCjabbj trees. 



I he mam enemy of ihe penguin is 

 ihe I eopard seal, and to a much 

 smaller extent other seals and sea- 

 lions. On land, Skuas and CMwH I'ei- 

 reks allack eggs and chicks, hut ratciv 

 adults unless these arc wounded. Man 

 is now becoming Ihe penguins wool 

 enemy, forcing nun lo drown in oil 

 .aid depriving hint of his home 

 thtough industrialisation: DDT and 

 oiher poisons have been found in 

 their l issues. 



Because penguins look so comicallv 

 human, people are apt to collale their 

 behaviour With 'hat of humans, but 

 of course H is instinctive, involving 

 no mental process, but having evolved 

 Through (rial ami error throughout the 

 ages, and also through the oft- 

 repeated experiences of individual 

 birds, and the social nlual of the 

 colons, Older birds tend their eggs 

 and chicks much more efficiently 

 than younger couples. 



Much study is being done and 

 much information is appearing abvui' 

 ttlQSfl birds, perhaps the most fasci- 

 nating and lovable of all our avian 

 friends. 



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309 



