List of Illustrations xiii 



Page 



Map of the Philippine Islands, 23 x 36 inches Supplement 



Map illustrating the obstacles to land transportation which rendered early commerce be- 

 tween Occident and Orient extremely difficult 400 



Diagram showing the growth of the world during the nineteenth century 402 



Diagram. A comparison of the Orient and the remainder of the world in area, popula- 

 tion, railroads, telegraphs, and commerce 403 



The successive advances of Russia to the Pacific 404 



Transportation in China. Camel train outside of the Pekin wall 405 



Military gate of Pekin wall 405 



An illustration of the enormous development of the commerce of Japan resulting from 



the construction of railways 406 



The network of railroads covering India today and the resultant vast increase in her 



commerce . 407 



Railways constructed and proposed in China 408 



Telegraph lines of China in 1904 409 



A comparisou of Japan, India, and China today. . . 410 



Elephants with howdahs ( Bangkok) which have been eclipsed in popularity by the Amer- 

 ican trolley car on opposite page . 412 



Bangkok tramway 413 



The awakening of the East. A school for girls, Bangkok 414 



A group of Chinese watching an American railway engineer .... 415 



Transportation in China 416. 



On one of the interior canals of China , 417 



Transportation in China. A country cart 4.8 



Transportation in China 419. 



The air and water currents of the Pacific 420 



Japanese peasants watching a wrestling contest 433 



Map of the Panama Canal (25 x 33 inches) Supplement 



Unfinished cuts of the world's greatest canal 451 



Rock cut at Bas Obispo 452 



The Culebra Cut, looking north 453 



Dredge at Gargona 454 



A steam shovel at work in the Culebra Cut 45$ 



Panama soldiers at a village on the Bayano River, guarding the pass on the route from 



Colombia 461 



Landing pigs in the harbor of Panama City 465 



Indian " dug-outs " on the Chagres River bringing bananas, the chief export of Panama, 



to Gatun 466 



Diagram showing yearly amount of rainfall in inches on the Panama Isthmus 467 



Map of the region of the Panama Canal ( 24 x 33 inches) Supplement 



Paikent, a sand-buried city 499 



A sand dune advancing across the desert 500 



A mosque of medieval Samarkand 501 



Folds in the limestone in the Sugun Valley west of Shor Kul, looking west 502 



Limestone gorge of the western Kichik Alai ....... 503 



The Kirghiz in the Alia Valley 504 



Map showing number of children under 5 years of age to 1,000 females 15 to 49 years of 



age, 1890 506 



Map showing number of children under 5 years of age to 1,000 females 15 to 49 years of 



age, 1900 507 



