Marine Hydrographic Surveys 



63 



workmen and artisans in the cities who 

 are more alert than the supine peas- 

 antry and who are the source of the 

 present discontent and uprising. 



The whole fabric of society, it must 

 also be borne in mind, rests upon the 

 church which is the very foundation 

 of the state and to which in its ritual 

 and observances all, from the Czar to 

 the humblest moujik, are supremely 

 devoted. The first need of the people 

 is economic improvement and their re- 

 lease from the harsh conditions of their 

 restricted communal life. The report 

 of Witte on the elevation of the peasant 

 contemplates some reconstruction of the 

 mir and the opening of broader callings 

 and opportunities to those who are prac- 

 tically bound to the soil. It is urged 

 with force that real social emancipation 

 cannot come without political enfran- 

 chisement. The one will undoubtedly 

 promote the other, and under the quicker 

 impulse of these later days the nation is 

 moving forward to both. 



Russia is passing through the dark 

 valley of deep trials. She is paying the 

 appalling cost of grievous mistakes ; but 

 enormous as that cost is, it will still be 

 cheap if, through these bitter experi- 



ences and this new awakening, the great 

 empire shall be put upon the higher 

 pathway of wiser counsels and liberal 

 advancement. The history of Russia 

 is a varied story. It is illuminated with 

 the progressive measures of the great 

 Emancipator. It is darkened with the 

 shadows of Kishinev and the Finnish 

 oppression. The far-reaching reforms 

 which are now dawning on the nation 

 give promise of a new and more hopeful 

 era. Russia has prodigious recupera- 

 tive power. She was prostrate after 

 the Crimean war, but soon recovered 

 her strength. She was humiliated and 

 straitened after the Turkish war, but 

 started again upon a new career. She is 

 patient, tenacious, and persistent ; she 

 has the traditions and the indomitable 

 faith which have come down from Peter 

 the Great ; she has the vast though dor- 

 mant resources of imperial domain and 

 power ; and if through the disasters she 

 is now suffering she shall throw off the 

 shackles of the bureaucracy that have 

 weighed her down and come to share 

 the progressive spirit of the age, she will 

 through present tribulations and final 

 regeneration enter, as we hope she may, 

 on a new and brighter epoch. 



MARINE HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS OF 

 THE COASTS OF THE WORLD* 



By George W. Littlehales 



THE accumulated stock of marine 

 hydrographic knowledge in its 

 availability for the construction 

 of navigational charts of the coasts of 

 the world is divided into four classes 

 for the purposes of this communication. 

 Upon the accompanying world chart the 

 extent of coast line comprised within 

 each of these four classes is indicated by 

 appropriate symbols depicting the coasts 



that are completely surveyed, those that 

 are incompletely but serviceably sur- 

 veyed for purposes of navigation, those 

 that are explored for purposes of navi- 

 gation, and those that are unexplored 

 for purposes of navigation. 



It should be made clear with reference 

 to those coasts which are classed as being 

 completely surveyed that, excepting in 

 rare instances, no greater completeness 



*An address to the Eighth International Geographic Congress, September, 1904. 



