526 The National Geographic Magazinf 



inhabitants. What relation the result- 

 ing figure has to anything it would be 

 difficult to discover, but by means of it 

 he places the Filipino at the foot of all 

 tropical peoples, with $5 each, as com- 

 pared with $12 for Porto Ricans and $44 

 for the people of the Federated States. 

 Let us extend the comparison on the 

 same basis ; the Chinese would stand at 

 the bottom with only 50 cents — i. e., 

 they are only one-tenth as efficient as 

 the Filipinos. The people of the United 

 States, who may fairly be regarded as 

 efficient, rate at $18, far less than the 

 people of the Federated States, less 

 even than the negroes of Sierra Leone. 



The fact is, as is shown in the Census 

 Report, the Filipinos are at least as effi- 

 cient as any other tropical people. 



Mr Ireland criticises the expense of 

 the Philippine government, and, as a 

 basis for comparison with other colonial 

 governments of the Far East, he com- 

 pares the cost of government with the 

 amount of exports. Here again there 

 does not appear to be any relation be- 

 tween the two factors. The statement 

 that the cost of government is a certain 

 proportion of the export trade is utterly 

 meaningless. One would suppose that 

 he would have compared the cost of 

 government per capita of the people 

 governed, the ordinary method of com- 

 parison, but this would not yield the 

 results which he wishes, since the cost 

 of government in the English colonies in 

 the East is much greater per capita than 

 in the Philippines. 



He ridicules the Philippine Civil Serv- 

 ice examinations and contrasts them 

 with those held for the East Indian 

 service. If the examination for the East 

 Indian service, which he instances is for 

 the same grade of clerk as is the Philip- 

 pine examination— i.e. ,the lower grade — 

 he merely succeeds in holding up to 

 ridicule the Indian examinations. Why 

 should a clerk be expected to be versed 

 in the higher mathematics, in Sanskrit, 

 and in the old English poets in order to 



audit accounts or keep books ? Yet that 

 is apparently required. The book bris- 

 tles with errors and misstatements, but 

 enough have been adduced to put the 

 reader on his guard. H. G. 



A Century of Expansion* By Willis 

 Fletcher Johnson, L. H. D. With 

 maps. Pp.316. 5x7^ inches. New 

 York : The Macmillan Co. 

 The author gives a very thoughtful 

 analysis of our expansion as a nation. 

 He shows that our growth has been reg- 

 ular, not spasmodic, and that if we 

 would continue strong we must continue 

 developing intellectually and physically. 

 The saying, " When growth ceases the 

 man begins to die, " is as true of nations 

 as of the individual man. 



' 1 Territorial expansion increases 

 power, enlarges the sphere of activity, 

 adds to responsibilities and duties, cre- 

 ates new problems for solution, leads to 

 new relationships, and thus induces con- 

 stitutional — that is, intellectual and 

 moral — development of the nation. 

 The physical growth of a man is steady, 

 persistent progress, not an irregular se- 

 ries of disconnected spasms. We may 

 say the same of our territorial expan- 

 sion. However widely and irregularly 

 separated by time, the individual acts of 

 territorial acquisition are all intimately 

 and essentially related. Order and de- 

 sign characterize them. The law of 

 cause and effect is dominant among 

 them. In the first step of expansion, 

 in colonial times, every subsequent step 

 was forecast and made inevitable. From 

 Washington at Great Meadows to Dewey 

 in Manila Bay, the span in both time and 

 space is enormous, but it is a span of 

 unbroken links of cause and effect — co- 

 herent, logical, and inevitable." 



Mr Johnson's style is clear, concise, 

 and rich in classic allusions and inci- 

 dents. He furthermore handles his sub- 

 ject in a clever, suggestive way that tells 

 just enough and stimulates the reader to 

 do some thinking for himself. 



