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(fig. 5 b, c). The subterraneous leaves are white and scale- 

 like, without any resemblance to the supraterraneous. 

 Consequently many of the perennial pansies from the dunes 

 and pine forests are merely phenotypically perennial. 

 But the perennial types from the dunes of West- Jutland 

 and upon Læsø possess some characters which better enables 

 them to survive the unfavourable seasons and conditions, 

 and therefore these types are genoty pically perennial. 

 These characters are: 



a. A very high degree of ramification (the character 

 caespitosa) in the earth-crust, exceeding many times that 

 of the common Viola tricolor and sometimes that of cal- 

 carata-cornuta too. Fig. 5 b is a very moderately ramified 

 individual. It is not uncommon to find individuals with 

 more than 20 and even up to 50 side-branches. 



b. Transversal geotropism (prostrata), common among 

 the individuals in these dunes, is a character that facili- 

 tates the covering with sand. 



c. Transpiration is reduced, partly by the character 

 parvifolia and partly by prostrata. This reduction is of 

 great importance for the survival during the unfavour- 

 able season. 



d. The plentiful Anthocyanin in the leaves and stems of 

 these types (the character atropurpurea) is supposed to 

 be a protection against too much light. 



Therefore the perennity is most frequently the result of 

 a co-operation of the named genotypically conditioned cha- 

 racters, but as the first one is the most essential, and besides 

 the only one not mentioned before I here distinguish only 

 two types and determine them according to the ramification: 

 Perennial (caesp = caespitosa): high degree of ramification 



in the earth's crust (more than 6 side-branches). 

 Annual (n. caesp): When not covered, only side-branches 



above the surface of earth, the side-branches not 



rosulate and sparse. 

 The two types are transgrediating. 



