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patient under his care at the time who had been 

 aphasic (without power of speech) for twenty-one 

 years, and who was in an almost moribund state. 

 The autopsy proved of great interest, as it was 

 found that the lesion was confined to the left side of 

 the brain, and to what we now call the third frontal 

 convolution. Broca was struck with the coinci- 

 dence ; and when a similar case came under his 

 care afterwards, unaware of what had been done by 

 Dax, he postulated the conclusion that the integrity 

 of the third frontal convolution, and perhaps also 

 part of the second, is essential to speech. In a 

 subsequent series of fifteen typical cases examined, 

 it was found that the lesion had destroyed, among 

 other parts, the posterior part of the third frontal in 

 fourteen. In the fifteenth case the destruction had 

 taken place in the island of Reil and temporal lobe." 



After 1 86 1, physiology took the lead, and kept 

 it. But, through all the work, science and practice 

 have been held together ; the facts of experimental 

 physiology have been and are tested, every inch of 

 the way, by the facts of medicine, surgery, and 

 pathology. The infinite minuteness and complexity 

 of the investigation, and its innumerable side-issues, 

 are past all telling. They who are doing the work, 

 in science and in practice, have always had in their 

 thoughts the fear of fallacies in the interpretation 

 of these highest forms of life. Sir William Gowers, 

 fourteen years ago, wrote as follows of the earlier 

 workers : — 



" Doubt was formerly entertained as to the 

 existence of differentiation of function in different 

 parts of the cortex, but recent researches have 



