CONCLUSION 



315 



been applied to practice ; and nothing has been said 

 of the many inventions of medical and surgical 

 practice that owe only an indirect debt to 

 experiments on animals. Artificial respiration, 

 the transfusion of saline fluid, the hypodermic 

 administration of drugs, the use of oxygen for 

 inhalation, the torsion of arteries, the grafting of 

 skin, the transplantation of bone, the absorbable 

 ligature, the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of 

 electricity, the rational employment of blood-letting 

 — all these good methods have been left out of the 

 list ; only some facts have been presented, those 

 that mark most clearly the advance of knowledge 

 and of practice, and stand up even above the rest 

 of the work. There they will stand, when we are 

 all dead and gone : and by them, as by landmarks, 

 all further advance will be guided. 



