370 SUMMARY OF REPORTS, ETC. 



has neither more nor less pain than a similar 

 animal inoculated with the disease. The admini- 

 stration of drugs, in a few cases, is painful : the 

 cases are very few, and involve no more pain than 

 is involved in the death by poisoning of the same 

 number of rats and mice in houses. 



They show, also, that the majority of these 

 inoculations, etc., are made not as " researches," 

 but in the direct practical service of the public 

 health, or in the interests of agriculture : not to 

 elucidate problems of pathology, but to standardise 

 drugs, to ensure the purity of food, to protect 

 flocks and herds, and so forth. During the year 

 1 90 1, five licensees performed 2636 inoculation 

 experiments for testing antitoxins ; and ten other 

 licensees return 2085 similar experiments, almost 

 all of which were performed in the course of in- 

 vestigations directed by the Local Government Board, 

 County Councils, and Municipal Corporations, more 

 than half being for the testing of milk. Beside this 

 national and Governmental work, there are all the 

 inoculations made for the sure and early diagnosis 

 of diseases, whether in hospitals, or in private 

 practices, or in ships under quarantine, or among 

 sheep and cattle. 



They show, also, that the question of pain 

 does not arise over the great majority of those 

 experiments which are not inoculations, but opera- 

 tions of more or less severity : for, in this majority, 

 the animal is anaesthetised the whole time, and is 

 killed under the anaesthetic, before it recovers con- 

 sciousness. These are the experiments made under 



