CONTENTS. 



XV 



theria....of Mastodons. ...of Elephants.. ..Recent Tertiary Strata of the Basin of 

 the Loire. ...Of the Sub-apennine Ranges. ...Of the Freshwater Formations in 

 the Apennine Valleys.. ..Remarkable Intermixture of the Skeletons of Whales^ 

 Elephants, &c. at Castello Arquata explained by what has taken place in Eng- 

 land.. ..Freshwater Limestone of CEningen, one of the most recent Tertiary 

 Formations.. ..Human Skeletons erroneously supposed to have been found there. 

 ....Observations on the relative Age of the Strata of ffiningen, - - 23X 



CHAPTER XVHL 



ON EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCAISTGES. 



Phenomena that precede the Shock of an Earthquake. ...Extent to which the- 

 Watersin Lakes and Springs are agitated during Earthquakes. ...Extent to which 

 Earthquakes are felt on Land. ...More severe in Mountains than in level coun- 

 tries.. ..Connection between Earthquakes and Volcanoes... .Electrical Earth- 

 quakes. ...First Appearance of a Volcano.. ..Common Phenomena attending Vol- 

 canic Eruptions.. ..Remarkable Eruption of Sumbawa in 1815.. ..Long periods of 

 Repose in some Volcanoes... .Volcano of Popocateptl in Mexico. ...Submarine 

 Volcanoes; their Appearance preceded by violent Agitation of the Sea.. ..Sub- 

 marine Volcanoes in the Azores. ...in the Grecian Archipelago.. ..Recent Sub- 

 marine Volcano near Sicily. ...Craters of Eruption. ...Craters of Elevation. ...The- 

 ory of Von Buch confirmed by analogous Geological Facts... .Eruptions of Mud 

 and Water from Volcanoes. ...Groups of Volcanic Islands. ...Fall and Extinc- 

 tion of a Volcano.. ..Vast Extent of some ancient Volcanoes, ...Extinct Volca- 

 noes of Central France. ...Puy du Pariou, the best preserved of ancient Volca- 

 noes.. ..Extinct Volcanoes in Germany and Asia. ...Pseudo- Volcanoes.. .Volca- 

 nic Rocks and Products. ...Observations on Volcanic Fire, - - - - 250 



CHAPTER XIX. 



ON THE REPOSITORIES OF METALLIC ORES. 



Metallic Matter disseminated through Rocks. ...Masses of Metallic Ore... .Me- 

 tallic Beds,. ..Metallic Veins. ...Rake Veins. ...Flat Veins. ...Accumulated Veins. 

 Cross Courses. ...The remarkable Structure of the Botallack Mine worked un- 

 der the Sea.. ..On the Formation of Metallic Ores.. ..Remarkable Phenomena in 

 Mines. ...Stream Works.. ..Gold disseminated in the Sands of Rivefs in Africa, 

 and North and South America.. ..Rocks in which certain Metallic Ores are 

 found, 284 



CHAPTER XX. 



ON SUBTERRANEAN RIVERS AND CURRENTS, AND ON CAVERNS. 



Occurrence of Subterranean Currents and Rivers in various Parts of the World. 

 ....The principal Agents in the Formation of Caverns. ...Remarkable Cavern and 

 Cascade in the Speedwell Mine, Derbyshire. ...Subterranean Currents and Cav- 

 erns generally in calcareous Mountains. ...The Reason explained. ...Subterra- 

 nean Currents connected wiih the Surface Water, deposit Animal and Vegeta- 

 ble Remains between ancient Strata, proved by Facts. ...Caverns with Bones of 

 extinct Species of Animals in Germany and France, intermixed with Human 

 Bones, and Implements of Industry. ...Bones introduced into Caverns by Sub- 

 terranean Currents and other Causes, and at different Epochs. ...Cavern at Kirk- 

 dale, in Yorkshire. ...Bones found in the Clefts and Fissures of Rocks forming 

 Osseous Breccia in various Parts of Europe, and in New Holland.. ..Epochs of 

 their Deposition supposed to be difTerent in distant Parts of the Globe, - - 300 



CHAPTER XXI, 



ON THE DESTRUCTION OF MOUNTAINS, AND THE FORMATION OF SOILS; 

 AN.T ON ALLUVIAL AND DILUVIAL DEPOSITIONS. 



Erroneous Opinions respecting the Growth of Stones, supported by the Author- 

 ity of John Locke..., On the Causes in present Operation that wear down Rocks, 



