478, 



INDEX. 



or valleys formed before the land 

 emerged from the ocean, 356. 



Valparaiso, coast of, raised by an earth- 

 quake, 68. 



Vegetables, structure of, 26; fossil organ- 

 ic remains, classification of, 27; their 

 importance in geology, 29 ; vegetable 

 remains in coal strata, 113 — 118; in 

 the strata above the Portland oolite, 

 187; in the Wealden beds, analogous 

 10 those of tropical climates, 196. 



Vei7is of granite, rising into the slate 

 rocks of Cornwall, 63, 65; into gneiss 

 at Aberdeen, 64. 



' metallic, their structure and for- 

 mation, 286 to 295; flat veins, 288; 

 pipe veins, ih. ; rake, veins, 288, 289 ; 

 observations on, 292 — 297; junction 

 of veins, forming what are called ac- 

 cumulated veins, 289; variation of the 

 quality of the ore, as the veins pass 

 through different beds of rock, 292; 

 veins intersected by beds of loadstone 

 in Derbyshire, 293. 



Veinstone, matrix or gangue ; the min- 

 eral matter associated with metallic 

 ores in veins sometimes arranged in 

 successive layers with the ore, 286. 



Verde antique, 77. 



Vertehrated ani7nals, division of into 

 four classes, 23. 



Vertical beds, or strata, mistakes res- 

 pecting them, 45; remarks on, 52; 

 vertical beds of Mont Blanc, 61, 69; 

 in the Alps, 151, 335, 336; vertical 

 beds of limestone and granite in junc- 

 tion, observed by the author in the up- 

 per part of the valley of Lauterbrun, 

 70. 



Vesicular structure, 39. 



Vesuvius, long periods of repose be- 

 tween some of its eruptions, 258. 



Volca7ioes. Description of their erup- 

 tions, 256, 257; volcano of Sumbawa, 

 ib. ; periods of repose, 258; height of 

 volcanoes, 259, 260; volcano of Popo- 

 catapell, 259 ; submarine volcanoes, 

 260; recent submarine volcano near 

 Sicily, 261; craters of eruption, and 

 craters of elevation, 262 — 263; aque- 

 ous eruptions with mud, 207, 263; 

 volcanoes occur in groups, 264; con- 

 nection of distant volcanoes with each 

 other, 265 ; sinking down of volca- 

 noes, ib.; ancient volcanoes, their im- 

 mense magnitude, 267; extinct volca- 

 noes of Auvergne, 269; volcano of 

 Pariou, cut of, 271; Puy de Dome, 

 273; Puy de Chopine, a mountain of 

 granite in the crater of a volcano, 

 ib.; extinct volcanoes on the Rhine, 

 274; volcano near Mecca, in Arabia, 

 275. 



Volcaiiic rocks and products, 276 ; age 

 of, 281. 



fire, seated far below the cra- 

 ter, which is merely the chimney of 

 the volcano, through which the solid 

 or gaseous matter escapes, 257; ob- 

 servations on, 282. 



Von Buck, his observations on dolomite, 

 168 ; on craters of elevation, 262, 263. 



Vosges moimtains, geology of, 163. 



Unconformable position, 9, 44, 48. 



Upheaving of new tracts of land, 321. 



Upper tertiary beds. See Chap. XVIL 



Uralian mountains, 62. 



W. 



Wacke, 130; earthy basalt, 143. 



Watt, Mr. Gregory, experiments on lava 



and basalt, 146. 

 Way-boards, 94. 



Wealden beds (Chap. XIII.) 191; of 

 Kent and Sussex, ib. ; map of, 192; 

 wealden of Dorsetshire, 193 ; Mr. 

 Mantell's luminous account of, 194; 

 organic remains in, ib. 196 ; submer- 

 gence and elevation of, 198. 



Webster, Mr., his account of the strata 

 of the Isle of Wight, 233. 



Wells, the waters in, sometimes connect- 

 ed with subterranean currents, 303; 

 wells. Artesian, become general in 

 France and Germany; the tempera- 

 ture of the water increases with the 

 depth; see note, 362; and Appendix. 



Werner^ s theory of the origin of basalt, 

 147, 148; of metallic veins, 293; of 

 the formation of valleys, 348. 



Weymouth, burning cliflf of, 275. 



Whetstone, or hone, a variety of talcy 

 slate with quartz, 85. 



Whin Hill, geology of, 50. 



Wkinstone sill, 138; Professor Sedg- 

 wick's account of, 139; Mr. W. Hut- 

 ton's account of, 145. 



White stone, a variety of granite in 

 Avhich felspar is the principal ingre- 

 dient, 58. 



Wild 7fieasures, 88. 



Wood coal, or brown coal, 109 ; its ori- 

 gin, 112; at Bovey, ib. ; at Cologne, 

 ib. ; a resinous substance found in it, 

 ib. ; more recent than common coal, 

 ib. 



Woodward, Mr. S., his account of Nor- 

 folk Crag, 235, 249. 

 Wren's Nest Hill, 88, 145. 



Y. 



Yellov) River of China, mud brought 



down by, 321. 

 Yordas cave, 93. 



