201 



6. ^Auraton ne larhd mora. The women beat the boy." 



7. 'Auraton ne larlciyan mdrin, " The women beat the girls." 



8. 'Auraton ne larhe mare, The women beat the boys." 



In this series, if we follow the Active hypothesis, concord between the 

 subject (as assumed by Gilchrist and Forbes) and the verb, is visible 

 only in the first and seventh ; thus (1.) ^aurat and mdri are fem. sing. ; 

 (7.) 'auraton and marin, fem. plur. ; but (2) 'aurat is fern., and mdrd 

 mas. ; (3) ^aurat is sing., and mdrin plur. ; and so of the rest. On 

 the Passive theory, there is concord throughout ; taking the sentences 

 consecutively, larki and mdri agree; larkd and mdrd; larkiydn and 



mdrin ; and so to the last i^aurat^ woman ; larki ^ gii"!)- 



In four of the remaining varieties we have such forms as — 



3. ^ Auraton ne larkiyon ko mdrd. The women beat the girls." 

 8. ^Auraton ne larkon ko mdrd. The women beat the boys." 



In these, concord acts no part, and we must seek for the principles 

 of the construction in some other direction. We shall find them in the 

 Passive theory, and only there. — See (B) and (C). Those principles 

 axe embodied in the following statement, against which, as no argument 

 can be produced, so no authority can avail ; and least of all that of the 

 Munshis, who have no clear perception of what the Passive voice is. 

 Taking the Preterite phrases by their weight, instead of their con- 

 struction, they totally misconceive them. Even among ourselves we 

 have Munshis, who judge by form, instead of function. Drs. Bosworth 

 and Crombie deny the existence of an English passive verb, because it 

 is not built on inflection. On this point Dr. Stoddart writes (''Encyc. 

 Metrop.," Art. Grammar, p. 48): — In the distinction of verbs, as in 

 most other parts of grammar, we find grammarians continually con- 

 founding signification with form." 



Professor Kay's views of the Latin Passive Voice are very extraor- 

 dinary, and serve to throw it greatly into the shade. In his Latin 

 Grammar," p. 52, he sketches a Passive Yerb thus : — When the source 

 of an action, i. e. the nominative, is not known, or it is thought not de- 

 sirable to mention it, it is common to say that the action proceeds from 

 the object itself. A reflexive so used is called a passive." Supposing 

 this language to have some meaning, it is evident that the object must 

 be known to us. As the action proceeds from that object, we arrive at 

 the source of action, i. e. the nominative, which therefore becomes 

 known; and so the reflexive or passive is miserably lost. 



Mr. Kay says — Vertitur, literally he turns himself, is often used 

 for he is turned'^ This use is good news for a Latin scholar; who, how- 

 ever, will insist that se vertit is the Latin for he turns himself. It is true 

 that vertitur - se vertit ; but this is no proof that the literal version 

 above given is in the least defensible. Besides, the grammatical equa- 



