317 



Singular — 1. Instrumental. Armenian, M; Lithuanian, mi; Slav. 

 mi; Greek, (/)t (*/), KpaTyprj^i /3i^(^i. 



2. Dative. Skr. pronouns, hhyam, tu-bhyam, ''tibi;" Greek, lv^ ^}^iv^ 

 Telv ; Lt. hi^ tibi = Um.br. te -fe. 



3. Locative — a. Greek 0t {y), frequently. 



h. Latin, hi; Umbrian, fe; Oscan, /, p, as Lat. Hi, uii, alihi ; 

 Umbr. pu -fe, i -fe = Osc. pu -f i -p, 



c. TJmbr. me (m) ; Lat. m, in oli -m, isti—m, illi ~n ~c, etc. Osc. n 

 horti -n, " in the enclosure." 



It will have been observed that one principal form of these suffixes 

 is Ihyam, hhydm ; that this is mutilated in Greek both to-^i^ and ^i{v\ 

 and that in signification the latter has both the force of a locative and 

 of an instrumental. It is moreover employed both in a singular and 

 plural signification ; whilst the Slavonic and Lithuanian have a cognate 

 suffix, ending originally in s (Lith. mis), for the instrumental plural, but 

 being without any terminating consonant (Lith. mi), in the singular. 

 The vim of the two Gaulish words must be evidently connected with 

 either the singular or plural instrumental suffix ; and it is a question 

 not easy to be decided which view is to be preferred. Siegfried had 

 not arrived at any fixed opinion on this point, when I spoke to him last 

 about it. He even thought it possible that the scratch at the end of 

 danimauim might be s, and vi7ns the fuller form of the instrumental 

 suffix plural hhis. However, he seems to have given up. that view ulti- 

 mately, and returned to the notion that it is singular, and the scratch 

 meaningless. Ges.. vim danimavim is then a pair of instrumentals sin- 

 gular like KpaTep7](pi ^ifjcpi (i/) ; and in the suffix vim, the original hh has 

 been softened down to v, so that it corresponds most closely to Greek 



The word GES is in existence in Irish ; geasa, a religious vow, 

 an oath, a charm, enchantment, a guess, conjecture, divination ; geasa- 

 doir, wizard, charmer ; gesadoireachd, divination, sorcery ; geasaim, I 

 divine, foretell ; geasan, oath, vow ; geis, fem. tribute, prayer, swan, 

 vow, promise, protest, custom, order, prohibition, or injunction. These 

 words are on the authority of O'Eeilly ; Coneys has for the fem. geis, 

 gen. geise, the meaning: incantation, injunction, adjuration, restric- 

 tion, vow, charm, guess, religious engagement, sorcery. So also has 

 Armstrong, for the identical Gaelic geas. In the sense of " conjecture" 

 the Irish ge {a) s coincides with E. guess; OJS"., giska ; Swed., gissa; 

 Dan. gisse ; and with Lettish geedu, pr. act. giddu [root gid'] to conjecture. 

 Eut the Prussian sen-gid^aut to receive, has evidently the more original 

 meaning. This Letto- Prussian root GID is most probably identical 

 with the Teutonic GAT, to receive, to get, whence Agls. getan; Engl. 

 get, heget, forget ; comp. Greek XAA (xai/^avw), Lat. pre-hen-do. If this 

 etymology be true, the double s of the Teutonic words could only be 

 explained as an assimilation from ST, TT, cfr. Gothic, vissa, I "know," 



E. I. A.PEOC. VOL. VIII. 2u 



