and ribbonlike, and passes over the spur on the outer condyle of the 

 metatarsus, and is inserted into the outer side of the base of the first 

 phalanx of the outer toe ; a few oblique fibres on the opposite side of the 

 bone represent the dorsal interosseus muscle. 



Poplitaeus — a small, triangular muscle, having the base at the tibia, 

 and the apex upwards and outwards — arises tendinous from the head of 

 the fibula ; the fibres pass downwards and inwards, to be inserted into 

 the upper part of the tibia, as far as the internal lateral ligament. The 

 poplitaeal vein separates it from the back of the fibula, and the artery 

 and nerve lie superficial. 



The articulations of the lower extremity present many points of 

 mechanical importance. The first, or the hip, is an enarthrosis, sur- 

 rounded by a capsule, loose, expanding inferiorly ; the synovial mem- 

 brane spreads over the great trochanter; a strong transverse band passes 

 from the border of the lesser sciatic notch to the upper and posterior 

 edge of the acetabulum, under which the articular vessels pass to the 

 joint. An extremely strong ligamentum teres passes downwards, out- 

 wards, and forwards, from the lower border of the cotyloid cavity, and 

 is inserted into the upper part of a depression on the head of the femur, 

 near which it is cylindrical ; at its origin it is flattish and expanded ; 

 a cotyloid ligament protects the superior and anterior edge of the joint ; 

 thick and cartilaginous above, thin and membranous below and in 

 front. The bottom of the cavity is separated from the air cells by a 

 membrane consisting of fibres running downwards and forwards, and 

 some radiating. 



The knee is a ginglymus, formed by the femur, patella, tibia, and 

 fibula. 



The ligaments are : internal lateral, coffin- shaped, from the inner 

 condyle, running downwards and backwards to the inner side of the 

 popliteus. The most posterior fibres arise entirely from the internal 

 semilunar cartilage, which they assist in fixing. The patella is large, 

 flattish, made of two parts, the external surface larger, the inner smaller 

 and more cartilaginous ; the quadriceps is inserted into its upper border, 

 and from its lower edge passes off on its inner side a ]arge flat ligament, 

 whose fibres, stretched over the Haversian masses of fat, converge, to be 

 inserted into the upper edge of the tibia on the inner edge of the 

 tubercle. 



From the lower border of the true patella to the upper surface of 

 the tubercle of the tibia extends a long, prismatic, bony column, united 

 above to the patella by strong fibres, and resting below on the tubercle, 

 with which it articulates by a strong ligament and a small synovial 

 membrane. This seems to be properly an ossified ligamentum patellse 

 rather than a true second patella. 



On the outer side of the joint there is a superficial ligament, which 

 forms an origin for the long flexor muscles, and is attached above to the 

 front of the outer condyle of the femur, and below is united to the origin 

 of the before-named muscles. Some parts of it are inserted into the 

 semilunar cartilage, and others pass downward, and slightly backward, 



