446 



In one instance it was double ; but in all other cases it was single, 

 and on the right side. Its usual attachments, in six or seven instances, 

 I have found to be from the inferior border of the manubrium sterni to 

 the upper margin of the fourth, fifth, and sixth costal cartilages, and in 

 none of the cases where it was large and fleshy was it connected with the 

 sterno-mastoid. Its length varied from three to six inches, and its 

 breadth from half an inch to two inches. In one instance its tendon of 

 origin was an inch and three-quarters in length ; but I have never 

 detected tendinous intersections in its belly, as described by Meckel ; it 

 always overlay the great pectoral, and often coexisted with other ano- 

 malies. The nature of this muscle as a thoracic representative of the 

 rectus has been clearly shown by Theile and Meckel. 



2. Cephalo-pharyngeus externus of Theile, or at least a somewhat 

 corresponding muscle (Plate VI., fig. l,b)I found in one instance aris- 

 ing from the inner and posterior extremity of the vaginal process of the 

 temporal bone, and from the rough inner angle of the petrons portion, 

 external to the first attachment of the superior constrictor of the pha- 

 rynx. It ran downwards and inwards, parallel, but internal, to the 

 stylo-pharyngeus, and was inserted into the mucous membrane of the 

 pharynx, passing between the middle and superior constrictors. This 

 might be a modification of the true salpingo-pharyngeus muscle of Hailer 

 and Cruveilhier, but in my case it had no connexion with the Eustachian 

 tube. 



3. Another small pharyngeal muscle, similar to that named by 

 Meckel the azygos pharyngei, I have found on several occasions (Plate 

 VI., fig. 1, a), arising from the central spine, on the basilar process of 

 the occipital bone; and, being inserted into the raphe of the pharynx, 

 superficial to the insertion of the superior and middle constrictors; with 

 the ascending fibres of the latter muscle it is often confounded. It is 

 present in the pharynx of several Mammals, and is commoner in them 

 than some imagine. 



4. An additional scalenus muscle has been described by Albinus and 

 Meckel as an occasional development in the neck. The former author 

 has named it scalenus minimus, and in some instances this organ has 

 been found cleft into two distinct parts, internal and external. It 

 arises from the first rib, and is attached to the anterior tubercles of the 

 transverse processes of the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical vertebra? ; 

 it usually passes between the subclavian vessels and the lower cervical 

 nerves. In one instance in which I found this muscle to exist, it was 

 further complicated by the total suppression of the scalenus anticus; but 

 they not unfrequently coexist, and in seven subjects selected at random 

 in the dissecting room this muscle existed symmetrically in three. 



5. I have likewise been able to demonstrate most distinctly in one 

 case the presence of a fifth scalene muscle (Plate VI., fig. 2, b), situated 

 under cover of the scalenus medius. This structure was much stronger 

 than the normal scalenus anticus, and was inserted above into the pos- 

 terior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fourth, fifth, and sixth 

 cervical vertebras, and arose from the first rib below, at the anterior bor- 



