147 



Inner surfacp of ulna. 



Outer surface of ulna. 



Styloid process. 



Tubercle of radius. 



Head of radius. 



Back of radius. 



Front of radius. 



Styloid process of radius. 



Two facets on inferior end of radius. 



Scaphoid bone. 



Semilunar bone. 



Cuneiform. 



Pisiform. 



Trapezium. 



Trapezoid. 



Os magnum body. 



Os magnum bead. 



Unciform. 



Pollex. 



Little finger. 



Inner side of tibia. 



Outer anterior side of tibia. 



External malleolus. 



Styloid process of fibula. 



Head of fibula. 



Inner surface of fibula. 



Posterior surface of fibula. 



Internal malleolus. 



Facets on lower part of tibia. 



Scaphoid. 



Astragalus. 



Os calcis. 



Sesamoid, in peroneus longus. 



Ento-cuneiform. 



Meso- cuneiform. 



Ecto-cuneiform. 



Head of astragalus. 



Cuboid. 



Hallux. 



Little toe. 



It has been objected by Martens that the union of two long bones is 

 contrary to the laws of coalescence ; but it may be readily explained 

 by the shifting of the lower epiphysis from the one bone to the other. 



Having premised these considerations, I would suggest that the 

 muscular comparisons are to be made as follows : — The basal joint of 

 each limb is invested with a muscular external covering, usually rough 

 and fasciculated, represented by the glutaeus maximus, in part, in the 

 lower limb, and by the deltoid and the dorsal portion of the trapezius 

 in the upper limb. The coccygeal portion and sacral origin of the first 

 truly represent the trapezius ; but, as the intervenient ridge is not 

 developed in the lower extremity, the origin is shifted in man to a 

 considerable degree. The points of insertion of this muscle in both 

 limbs closely correspond, and as it is a honiotype generally admitted, 

 we need not make any further remark regarding it. 



Beneath this lie several muscles — one immediately in contact, which 

 is inserted usually into the outer part of the greater tuberosity 

 (trochanter), and whose fascial investment has a tolerably constant 

 relation to the first-named ; this muscle typically is attached to the 

 outer portion of the columnar basal bone, and in the upper limb is 

 named infraspinatus, in the lower is meso-gluteus. These muscles 

 exhibit in man a striking resemblance in the arrangement of their 

 fibres, and both exhibit a tendon between two planes of muscle fibres. 

 As the margin representative of the spine of the scapula is completely 

 obsolete in the pelvic representatives, the muscles separated thereby 

 encroach on each other in the lower limb of man remarkably, so that 

 the third muscle actually extends below the level of the second. This 

 constitutes the supraspinatus, or upper marginal muscle, and in the 

 lower limb the glutaeus minimus, or endogluteus, the alteration be- 

 tween the representatives of these types in human anatomy arising 

 from the fact — first, of the absence of the shelf or partition in the lower 



B. L A. PEOC. VOL. X. X 



