URINE OF CHELONIANS. 135 



The following tables will present a condensed view of all the important results 

 obtained in these investigations : — 



Table showing the Loss of Weight, mid the Amount of Urine Excreted hy Chelonians deprived of 



Food and Drink. 





•vation 



starva- 



rvation 



during 

 thirst. 



pressed 

 the ori- 

 animal. 



each 



ch hour, 

 fraction 

 weight. 



excret- 

 rst and 



oj c3 y 



n te 



escret- 



excret- 

 pressed 

 the ori- 

 finiTTin 1 



id Con- 

 ine ex- 



Name of animal. 



uration of stai 

 and thirst. 



'eight before f 

 tion and thirst 



'eight after stai 

 and thirst. 



OSS of weight 

 starvation and 



Loss of weight ex 

 in a fraction of 

 ginal weight of 



OSS of weight 

 hour. 



OSS of weight ea' 

 expressed in a : 

 of the original 



mount of urine 

 ed during thi 

 starvation. 



mount of urii 

 pressed in a f 

 of the original i 



mount of urine 

 ed hourly. 



.mount of urine 

 ed hourly, ex 

 in a fraction of 

 ginal weight of 



mount of soli 

 stituents of ui 

 creted hourly. 





ft 













< 





< 





<! 





Days. 



Grs. 



Grs. 



Grs. 





Grs. 





Grs. 





Grs. 





Grs. 



Emys serrata 



14 



20,873 



18,756 



2,117 



1 



1 0 



6.3 



1 



3 3 13 



442 



4 7 



1.315 



1 



1 5 8 G 5 



.0034 



Efinys serrata 



20 



34,155 



28,675 



5,480 



1 



6 



11.41 



1 



2 S) !) 4. 



113 



3""0'2 



.0235 



] 



14 5 3 4 0 



.00187 



Emys serrata 



20 



41,086 



34,960 



6,126 



1 



7 



12.76 



1 



3 2 9 8 



741 



5 5 



1.543 



1 



2 6 6 2 7 



.00611 



Emys serrata 



26 



30,132 



22,760 



7,372 



1 



4 



10.5 



1 



2 8 7 0 



223 



lis 



0.357 



1 



8 -1 6 "5" 0 0 



.00166 



Emys serrata 

 Emys serrata 



34 



38,590 



30,142 



8,398 



1 

 4 



10.29 



1 



3 7 5 4 



890 



4 4" 



1.09 



1 



3 5 3 ^'T 



.00457 



45 



17,797 



14,400 



3,397 



1 



3.14 



] 



300 





.0277 



1 



.0012 



5 



S B 6 7 

 1 



S'9 



0 4 2 13 0 



Emys terrapin 



38 



14,285 



11,400 



2,885 



1 



3.317 



300 





.082 



1 



.00114 



5 



4 3 6 6 



4 7 



4 4 6 4 0 6 



Emys terrapin 



43 



18,832 



13,485 



5,347 



1 1 



3~4 



5.18 



1 



■3 6 3 5 



70 



2 0" "a 



.0067 



1 



2 8 J 0 7 3 1 





Emys terrapin 



56 



12,280 



9,255 



3,025 



1 



2.25 



1 



130 



) 



.0096 



1 



.00059 



4 



5 4 5 8 



4 



1 2 7 9 1 6 S 



These Chelonians were kept in boxes, and were carefully and frequently examined, 

 and it was found that they never discharged their urine. The amounts, therefore, 

 noted in the table, represent all that was excreted during the period of their con- 

 finement. 



This table shows the slow waste of the tissues of cold-blooded animals, and the 

 small amount of w^ork performed by their kidneys. 



When these animals were deprived of food and drink, the loss of weight was 

 chiefly due to the evaporation from their lungs and skin, and also to the combina- 

 tion of the elements of their fluids and solids with the oxygen of the atmosphere, 

 and their final elimination as carbonic acid gas. 



The researches of Winter, Scherer, and Lehmann have shown that a man, for 

 every kilogramme (15,444 grains) of his weight discharges, on an average in the 

 twenty-four hours, about 26 grammes (400 grains) of urine. From these data we 

 may calculate that the amount discharged per hour, for every kilogramme of the 

 weight of a man, equals 16.76 grains. According to this calculation, the amount 

 of urine discharged by a man, hourly, equals -gy^th the weight of his body. It is 

 probable that, during thirst and starvation, the amount would be much less. 



By comparing this with the results which I obtained from cold-blooded animals 

 we see that the amount of urine excreted by a warm-blood animal is from forty to 

 several hundred times more abundant than that excreted by a cold-blooded animal. 

 This is true of all cold-blooded animals. 



An Alligator, weighing 76,507 grains, was kept for eighteen days without food 

 and drink, and excreted during this time only two fluidounces of urine. 



I have kept Ophidians for two and three weeks, and during this time they voided 

 their urine not more than once or twice, and then in small quantities. 



