K0ADS. CANALS. 



compact, will be durable. The mast valuable ma- 

 terials for roads in this country are the green- 

 stone, trap, and hornblende rocks, though even 

 these possess different degrees of toughness from 

 the same quarry. We may form a very correct es- 

 timate of the comparative toughness of different 

 stones, by pounding: a small piece in an iron mortar. 

 By using tough materials, especially in the con- 

 struction of Macadamized roads, we not only re- 

 duce the expenses of their maintenance, but also the 

 annual amount of hinderance caused by the more 

 frequent supply of rough, new stones, which tend 

 so much to retard the progress of wheel carriages* 

 and add to the labour of the horses which draw 

 them. 



Canals. — A knowledge of the geographical struc- 

 ture of a country through which a canal is to pass y 

 is no less necessary than in that of roads. Those 

 only who possess this knowledge can judge as to 

 the probability of meeting springs of water, of the 

 porous or impervious character, as regards water* 

 of the rocks to be traversed, and the kinds of rock 

 which will be encountered in cutting, and the facil- 

 ity with which these may be removed. The geol- 

 ogist only can estimate justly the value of the va- 

 rious mineral substances which may be advanta- 

 geously brought to the canal for the purposes of 

 traffic, such as coal, iron, marble, and other min- 

 erals. 



Estimates for canals in this country vary, very 

 often, wide from their actual cost, from the fact 

 that some of the rocks traversed readily absorb 

 water, rendering it necessary to incur the expense 

 of making the canal-bed water tight. A little 

 knowledge of the nature of rocks in this respect, 

 and the geological structure of the country to be 

 traversed, would enable the engineer either so to 

 locate the canal as to avoid such rocks, or, if that 

 is impossible, to make proper allowance in form- 



