15 0 R D ERIN G ON M I L L E LACS AND R U M R I V E R. 331 



is about two miles long, and three-quarters of a mile wide. The shores are low, 

 and covered with oak, and some birch and pine. On the east side, some of the 

 pines are first-rate in size and quality. 



About ten miles below this lake, following the meanders of the river, and pro- 

 bably five in a direct line, is an exposure of five feet of syenitic granite (No. 573), 

 which soon gives place to hornblende rock (No. 574) ; and one hundred and fifty 

 yards lower down the river, is a quartzose gneiss (No. 575), associated with gra- 

 nite (No. 576). These last rocks are traversed by granitic veins (No. 577). At 

 this last place is a rapid, which is called by the Indians Ka-ka-bi-kause, or " Little 

 Falls," although the highest ledge of rock crossing the river is only one foot per- 

 pendicular. The bearing, as nearly as could be ascertained, is northeast and 

 southwest. The rock is exposed for a hundred and fifty yards in the course of the 

 stream, which is about forty feet wide, and when we descended it, only six or eight 

 inches deep. About five hundred yards below this place is an exposure of green- 

 stone (No. 578). Below this the river makes a considerable bend to the east, and 

 in the next five miles, following its course, which is very crooked, are four other 

 exposures of rock. The first one, a quartzose granite (No. 579), is three miles 

 below the greenstone ; the second one, two miles lower down the stream, is syenitic 

 granite (No. 580) ; the third may be set down as a hornblende rock (No. 581), and 

 occurs one mile below the second, or No. 580 ; and the fourth and last exposure on 

 Rum River, is syenite (No. 582), associated with a rock composed of quartz and 

 felspar (No. 583) in large veins. These rocks continued southwesterly in the 

 line of bearing, and strike the Mississippi between the mouths of Platte and Sauk 

 Rivers, where their associations and lithological characters are the same as on 

 Rum River. 



Below Ka-ka-bi-kause, on both sides of the river, for the distance of ten or twelve 

 miles, the country is timbered with first-rate pine, mingled with large maple, oak, 

 and ash, with a smaller growth of birch, aspen, and spruce. Between the ridges 

 are narrow cranberry swamps and wet meadows. The drift-banks come up to the 

 river, and are from thirty to forty feet high. Lower down, the country becomes 

 more rolling, and the river-banks have a long slope back to the general level, which 

 is from fifty to sixty feet above the water. The higher lands are still timbered 

 with large pines, and the woods named above. 



Continuing to descend, the pine begins to fail in quantity and quality, and large 

 tamerack swamps are found between the ridges ; while the river-bottoms increase 

 in width, and are covered with oak, soft maple, elm, ash, willow, and alder. The 

 undergrowth is very thick, and consists of hazel, prickly ash, chokeberry, rose- 

 bushes, gooseberry-bushes, and high-bush cranberry. The pines are now thinly 

 scattered along the crests of the ridges, and are small and knotty. Clay-beds are 

 frequently exposed, from five to six feet in thickness, overlaid by ten or twelve 

 feet of sand, with boulders in it, The large boulder-drift is five or six feet below 

 the soil, and underlaid by beds of sand and pebbles. The river is now much ob- 

 structed by drift wood, forming rafts, and becomes narrower and deeper. The 

 banks are from six to twenty feet high, the general level being from twenty to 



