Reason and Instinct. 



6083 



V. Migration : under which vast numbers of creatures of very 

 various tribes and families and species take journeys, possibly of 

 enormous extent as contrasted with the powers of the travellers, from 

 one district or country to another, at whatever season and with what- 

 ever object apparently kept in view by nature; such as a more abun- 

 dant supply of food, a more genial temperature, or the continuation 

 of the species. 



VI. Local direction : or the law in virtue of which they retrace 

 their course to given places from considerable distances ; as for 

 instance, the bee to its hive, alike in the forests of America and 

 Africa and the cottage gardens of England, the salmon to its birth- 

 stream, the swallow to the chimney or shed it vvas hatched in, the dog, 

 the cat, the ass, the deer, the pigeon, and other animals without end, to 

 their customary haunts after having been driven or forcibly conveyed 

 to great distances therefrom, and under every disadvantage in 

 connexion w^ith finding their way back. 



VII. Providence : under which certain species lay up in store, 

 while the supply is yet abundant, various materials of sustenance for 

 themselves or their young, against a season when the supply shall 

 have failed or become inaccessible. 



VIII. Hybernation : under which again certain species prepare a 

 suitable abode for the coming winter, and, in due time, on its 

 approach, betake themselves thither and become torpid or dormant 

 for the season prescribed by nature.* 



Now, in savage tribes, and in more or less uncivilized or very im- 

 perfectly civilized communities, I think one is frequently led to notice 

 evidences of the instinctive impulses of Food-craving, of Fear, of As- 

 sociation, of Local direction, and, from time to time, of Migration. 



* I am aware that in the list given above it will he difficult to find a place for the 

 admission of such workings of Instinct as are evidenced in the newly-hatched young 

 duck or other aquatic bird, when it hastens into the water ; in the down-covered 

 chicken or partridge, when it lakes its food by pecking from the ground ; in 

 the equally infautile corn crake pecking from the stalks of the herbage it lives among 

 and not from the ground; and other instances of the same class. And it is almost 

 equally difficult not to construct, but to name a class for their reception. I must, 

 therefore, content myself with this notice of all such instincts in young animals. 

 Further, I wish to remark that, as will appear by a reference to the instinctive pro- 

 cesses or powers enumerated,! have not included mere appetites or desires. Indeed, 

 as Dr. Carpenter shows (Human Phys. p. 784) a Desire, properly speaking, depends 

 upon a purely intellectual operation lor its formation, and especially before it can be 

 fnlly entertained. And the same is true of Appetite if it be taken in its true sense, and 

 not, in a lax sort of way, as a mere synonyme to Instinct. 



