TRYPANOSOMA CAZALBOUI 



415 



Trypanosoma (Duttonella) cazalboui Laveran, 1906. 



This organism, which should be placed in the genus Duttonella, was found 

 by Cazalbou in 1904 in ' souma,' a form of cattle trypanosomiasis in Upper 

 Nigeria. The disease is known in West Africa, in Uganda, the French 

 Congo, the Congo, and Rhodesia. It affects cattle, horses, mules, and 

 donkeys, the incubation being seven days and the disease acute, subacute, 

 or chronic. Cattle may die in eight days, two months, or more than twelve 

 months. It is monomorphic, 24 X 1*5-2 microns, with an oval trophonucleus 

 situate about the middle of the body, and a spherical kinetonucleus lying 

 near the aflagellar extremity. The undulating membrane is not markedly 

 folded, and the flagellum always becomes free. In the vertebrate there is 

 the usual longitudinal division. Trautmann records the successful inocula- 

 tion of Cercopithecus patas. It may develop in G. palpalis, G. tachinoides , G. 

 longipalpis, or G. morsitans, and may be directly conveyed by stomoxys. 

 G. palpalis is the usual carrier. The development is anterior, being restricted 

 to the proboscis. The first three carriers become infective in six to seven days, 

 and G. morsitans in eight to ten days, but in Uganda it may require eleven to 

 thirty-five days to become infective in a fly, which difference may be due to 

 climate. In the proboscis the trypanosome passes through leptomonas or 

 crithidial forms, and becomes attached to the walls of the labrum and multiplies. 

 Under the influence of the salivary secretion these forms become small, actively 

 motile trypanosomes, which are the infective agent, and apparently remain 

 in the fly for the remainder of its life. 



Trypanosoma hippicum Darling, 19 10. 

 This trypanosome causes a disease called murrina among mules, and was first 

 described in some animals imported from the United States via New Orleans 

 to Panama. The trypanosome resembles Castellanella evansi, being 18 to 28 

 in length, with a width of i'5 to 3 /jl. The trophonucleus is oval and median. 

 The kinetonucleus, which is near the aflagellar end, is very easily seen, which 

 is a characteristic feature of the parasite. The undulating membrane is not 

 much folded. It divides longitudinally in the blood. It is spread by coitus, 

 and can also be spread mechanically by species of Musca, Compsomyia, and 

 Sarcophaga sucking wounds in the diseased and the healthy. The essential 

 pathology of murrina is an intoxication resulting in cellular degeneration and 

 necrosis. These toxins produce endothelialysis, lymphocytosis, auto-haema- 

 glutination, phagocytosis of erythrocytes and tr3rpanosomes, hyperplasia of 

 the spleen, bone-marrow, and lymph glands, and cellular exudations into the 

 kidney, liver, etc. Owing to the destruction of the endothelium there is con- 

 siderable amount of ecchymosis in various regions. 



Trypanosoma venezuelense Mesnil, 19 10. 

 Type of Castellanella evansi, and considered by Yorke and Blacklock to be 

 identical. Attacks horses in Venezuela ; carrier unknown. 



Trypanosoma annamense Laveran, 191 1 . 

 Tjrpe of Castellanella evansi ; causes disease in horses and cattle in Annam. 

 Carriers: Tabanidae and Hippoboscidae. 



Trypanosoma cellii Marfoglio, 191 1. 



This trypanosome is pathogenic for cattle in Italian Somaliland, causing a 

 disease called * gobiat.' Pathogenic for dogs, rabbits, rats, and mice. 



In bovines there are the following types: — (i) Irregularly rounded, with 

 .short flagella inside some; (2) Leishmania-like forms; (3) Trypanosomes. 



Trypanosoma maroeanum Sergent, Lheritier, and Belleval, 1915 (16-24X 1-5- 

 2-5 microns), is the cause of a disease of horses at Casablanca in Morocco. 

 Morphologically it is identical with T. berberum, the cause of debab, but 

 crossed immunity experiments separate it from this organism and from T. 

 equiperdum and T". soudanense. Laveran says that there are two trypanosomes 

 at work on Moroccan horses, one monomorphic and one polymorphic. 



Trypanosoma berberum Edmond and Et. Sergent, and Lheritier, 191 2, is 

 the cause of debab in Algerian horses. 



