THE PATHOGENIC MAMMALIAN TRYPANOSOMES 



407 



Trypanosoma indicum Liihe, 1906. 

 T. indicum is found in the Indian squirrel {Funamhulus palmarum L.) in 

 Madras. It is very like T. lewisi, and only slight morphological differences 

 can be found. 



Trypanosoma vespertilionis Battaglia, 1905. 



Synonym, — Trypanosoma dionisii Bettencourt and Fran9a, 1908. 



Dionisi found a trypanosome in the Italian bat [Miniopterus schrenhevsii) 

 in 1899, and since then numerous bats have been found to carry trypanosomes, 

 and also they can be inoculated with the parasites of surra and mibori, which 

 produce pathogenic effects. 



T. vespertilionis has been found in bats from South Italy (Battaglia), Roman 

 Campagna (Sambon), Brazil (Durham), India (Donovan), North Africa (Ser- 

 gents), and from Portugal (Bettencourt and Fran9a). This parasite has been 

 investigated by Battaglia, who has described a process of sporogony, and has 

 shown that the blood filtered through a Kitasato filter is still infectious. 



According to Pringault, T. vespertilionis is spread by Cimex pipestrelli. 



Trypanosoma nicolleorum Ed. and Et. Sergent, 1905. 



In the blood of Vespertilio kuhli Natt and V. myotis Bechst in Algeria; not 

 transmissible to mice, rats, or rabbits. 



The carrier of the infection is not known. Durham saw trypanosomes in 

 Stegomyia fasciata which had fed on a bat, but they might have belonged to 

 the mosquito. Fleas have been examined without success. 



Trypanosoma theileri Bruce, 1902. 

 Synonym, — T. transvaaliense Laveran, 1902. 



T, theileri is found in the Transvaal, in Togoland, East Africa, Trans- 

 caucasia, and in India. It is of large size, 60 to 70 jll in length and 4 to 5 ^ 

 in breadth. A small form is known, 25 to 53 /ll in length and 2 to 3 in 

 breadth. It moves very rapidly, and has a long fiagellum, while the anterior 

 end is pointed and the kinetonucleus is oval. Multiplication is by simple 

 longitudinal fission. A female form has been described by Liihe. It is 

 believed to be spread by species of Hippobosca, and is specific for bovines, not 

 being inoculable into other animals. According to Nocht and Mayer, it is 

 not the cause of gall-sickness or galziektd in cattle in Africa. 



Carrier: Hippobosca rufipes (Fig. 447, p. 854). An allied species is T. uru- 

 blewskii WladimirofE and Takimofl, 1909. 



Similar species are T. himalayanum, T. indicum, T. muktesauri Lingeard, 

 1904; T. franki Frosch, 1909; T. americanum Crawley, 1909; T. rutherfordi 

 Had wen, 19 12. 



SERIES B: THE PATHOGENIC MAMMALIAN 

 TRYPANOSOMES. 



Briue has classified pathogenic mammalian trypanosomes into 

 groups as follows : — 



A. Polymorphic trypanosomes with granular cytoplasm, active 

 movements, well-developed undulating membrane, small 

 kinetonucleus. Spread by tsetse-flies, which are the 

 definitive hosts in which development is completed in 

 the salivary glands — T. gambiense, T. hrucei, T. rhode- 

 siense, T. evansi, T. equiperdum. (This group corre- 

 sponds with the genus Castellanella.) 



