446 



TRY PA NO SO M ID M 



length, while the other is merely pointed. No undulating mem- 

 brane could be differentiated; but he states that he was able to 

 demonstrate lateral cilia, which he considers to be artificial; but 

 this, in our opinion, is highly suggestive of the presence of an 

 undulating membrane. Coloured granules could be made out 

 when stained by Giemsa. Reproduction was usually by transverse 

 division. 



Life-History.— The spirochsetes are found in the blood during 

 the attacks of fever, and equally distributed in the organs in the 

 apyrexial interval. 



Inoculation. — It can be inoculated into monkeys, but small rodents 

 are especially susceptible. Subinoculations can be made from 

 monkey to monkey and from mouse to mouse. 



Immunity.— Serum of animals immunized for 5. novyi is without 

 effect upon 5. recurrentis, S. duttoni, or 5. carteri. 



Cultivation. — It has been cultivated by Noguchi as mentioned 

 above (see p. 441). 



Pathogenicity. — It is the cause of North American relapsing 

 fever. 



Spiroschaudinnia carteri Manson, 1907. 



5. carteri has a minimal length of 12 fi, with open flexures. It is 

 thinner than 5. novyi, and it is not agglutinated by serum of animals 

 immunized against 5. novyi. It can be inoculated into monkeys 

 and with difficulty into mice, and can be subinoculated from monkey 

 to monkey or mouse to mouse. 



Novy and Knapp give the following differences between 5. carteri , 

 S. duttoni, and 5. novyi : — 



Character. 



Spiroschau- 

 dinnia novyi. 



Spiroschau- 

 dinnia duttoni. 



Spiroschau- 

 dinnia carteri. 



Length of simple cell . . 





16 fj. 





Length of double cell 



16-20 ILL 





16-20 fj, 



V^idth 



0-25 jU 



0'2 jUL 



0-2 fA, 



Number of turns in a single 



cell 



2-3 





2-3 M 



Distance between the turns . . 





4*5 M 



2'S/il 



Movement 



Vigorous 



Little 





Number in peripheral blood . . 



Many 



Few 



Many 



According to Strong's experiments, rats immunized against 5. recurrentis 

 and S. novyi are immune to S. carteri. He therefore believes these three 

 strains to be closely allied, if not identical. 



They can also be distinguished by agglutination, immunization 

 tests, by Pfeiffer's reaction, and by certain animals being suscep- 

 tible to some species and not to others. Mackie has suggested that 

 5. carteri may be transmitted by a pediculus. It is the cause of 

 Asiatic relapsing fever. 



