HMMOPROTEUS NOCTUM 519 



a paper by Aragao appeared on H. columhcs, which certainly does not support 

 Schaudinn's views; but in 1909 Woodcock's researches, as already mentioned, 

 strongly support that distinguished protozoologist ; however, later researches 

 have all tended to indicate that Schaudinn was wrong and that his now cele- 

 brated life-cycle for HcBmopvoteus nochice is a mixture of the life-cycles of a 

 haemoproteus and a trypanosome. We, however, at present still give Schau- 

 dinn's account, pending confirmation of the recent work on the subject. 

 At all events, the question as to whether Schaudinn was right or wrong 

 cannot, impartially, be said to be settled one way or the other. 



Haemoproteus noctuae Celli and Sanfelice 1901. 

 H. noctucB goes through the cycle of schizogony in Glaucidium noctuce Retz, 

 the little owl, and its sporogony in Culex pipiens Linnaeus. 



'-ERZI _ 



Fig. 176. — HcBmopvoteus mansoni Sambon, showing the Development of 



THE GaMETOCYTES. 



(After Sambon.) 



When this gnat sucks the blood of a little owl infected with haemoproteus, 

 two halteridial forms in the owl's corpuscles are seen to undergo development 

 in its stomach. These two forms are the microgametocytes and the macro- 

 gametocytes. 



Microgametocyte. — 'The microgametocyte ap- 

 pears as a typical halteridium parasite enclosed 

 in an erythrocyte, and possessing pale clear cyto- 

 plasm, with coarse haemozoin granules and a large 

 single nucleus, which is composed of eight groups, 

 each containing trophic and kinetic elements. 



Macrogametocyte. — The macrogametocyte as a 

 typical halteridium, laden with food granules, 

 lying in a pale, disorganized erythrocyte. It has 

 a rather small trophonucleus, alongside of which 

 is a small kinetonucleus. 



In the Mosquito. — W^hen these gametocytes 

 reach the alimentary canal of Culex pipiens, they 

 escape from the erythrocytes, and appear free in 

 the lumen of that canal, and proceed first to 

 reduction and then to zygosis, with the formation 

 of a zygote. 



The whole process has been carefully worked 

 out by Macallum in another species of halteri- 

 dium, and is confirmed by Schaudinn in the 

 present species. 



Formation of the Microgametocyte. — The micro- 

 gametocyte is a clear hyaline body, which, on 

 escaping from the red blood-corpuscles, throws 

 out active flagella, which, after beating about 

 a little, break loose, forming the free micro- 

 gametes. Schaudinn studied the cytological pro- 

 cesses underlying these grosser changes, and found 

 that the trophonuclei were reduced to four chro- 

 mosomes, while the eight kinetonuclei remain, 

 and, separating from the parent nucleus, form microgametes in the way 

 presently to be described for the development of a male ookinete into a male 

 trypanosome. 



Fig. 1 77. — Hcsmoproieus 

 noctucs Celli and San- 

 felice. 



(After Schaudinn.) 



On the left is the micro- 

 gamete, and on the right 

 a scheme showing the 

 arrangement of the nuclei, 

 centrosomes, undulating 

 membrane, and myo- 

 nemes. 



