TMNIA SOLIUM 



613 



Morphology —Length usually 2 to 3 metres, but may reach 8 metres. 

 Mature segments measure 5 to 6 milHmetres in breadth. Scolex provided 

 with a rostellum, which may be pigmented and is armed with a double row of 

 alternately large and small hooks, which number from twenty-two to thirty- 

 two, and with four hemispherical suckers. The neck is long. Proglottides 

 number from 800 to 900, with a length of 10 to 12 miUimetres in mature 

 segments. Genital pore lateral and irregularly alternate. The mature uterus 

 has seven to ten ramified lateral branches, and contains three ovaries, the 

 third being formed by subdivision of the one on the side of the genital pore. 

 Eggs globular, pale yellow in colour, from 31 to ^8 u in diameter. 



Life-History. — The adult 

 worms live solely in the human 

 intestines, from which the oncho- 

 spheres with their envelopes 

 escape in the faeces, and are apt 

 to be eaten by pigs, or these may 

 be infected by contaminated food 

 or water. The cysticercus, often 

 called Cysticercus celHilo s cb 

 (synonym, C. acanthoirias) , de- 

 velop in the flesh of the pig. If 

 this flesh is eaten in an under- 

 cooked condition, the cysticercus 

 infects the human being and 

 forms the tapeworm. Occasion- 

 ally man becomes infected with 

 Cysticercus celluloses, most com- 

 monly in the brain, then the eye. Fig. 252.— Proglottis of T(sma solium 

 the muscles, liver, lungs, etc., Linn^seus. (After Stiles.) 



where they are sometimes few, 



sometimes numerous. This infection must be due to contaminated food 

 or water. 



The tapeworm can live for years in the intestine of man. A variety called 

 T. solium, var. abietina Weinland, originally found in a Chippewa Indian, 

 belongs probably to this species. 



Pathogenicity, — -The intestinal symptoms are not severe, but colicky pains 

 and diarrhoea alternate with constipation. The patient may slowly emaciate. 

 The danger of this infection is the entry of eggs into the human being and the 

 formation of cysticerci in the organs. 



Treatment. — Warn the person affected to be very careful to keep his hands 

 clean, and to avoid infecting himself and other people with the eggs. Kill 

 the tapeworm with extract of male-fern given in capsules (four to eight of 

 10 minims each), or in emulsion on an empty stomach, and followed after 

 four to six hours by a saline purgative. 



Prophylaxis.— Faeces should be so treated as not to infect pigs, and the flesh 

 of these animals should be carefully cooked. 



Tsenia (Tseniarhynchus) saginata Goeze, 1782. 



Synonyms. — T. solium Linnaeus, 1767, pro parts; T. cucurbitina Pallas, 1781, 

 pro parte; T. mermis Brera, 1802; T.dentata Nicolai, 1830; T.lata Pruner, 1847; 

 Bothriocephalus tropicus Schmidt miiller, 1847; T. mediocanellata Kiichen- 

 meister, 1855; T. zittavensis Kiichenmeister, 1855; T. tropica Moquin-Tandon, 

 1 860. 



This is the unarmed beef-worm or the fat tapeworm, which has a cosmo- 

 politan distribution, the adult being known only in man and the cysticercus 

 in cattle, though it can be produced experimentally in a number of animals. 

 It is very common in the tropics, especially in Africa, and particularly 

 Abyssinia, the Sudan, and Asia. 



Morphology. — It measures 4 to 8 to 10 metres in length, and has been said 

 to attain much greater length. A mature segment is 4-7 millimetres in breadth. 

 The head possesses four hemispherical, often pigmented, suckers, and a sucker 



