46 



TROPICAL RACES 



passing across Asia gave rise to the Indonesians, which type is 

 difficult to define, though Haddon considers that its least modified 

 representatives are to be found among the dolichocephalids of the 

 forests of Borneo. 



The Xanthocroi, or fair subdivision, is characterized by possess- 

 ing light hair and light-coloured eyes. It contains the modern 

 Europeans, who can be subdivided into the Teutonic branch, 

 consisting of Germans, Dutch, Anglo-Saxons, and Norse races, and 

 the Slavic branch, consisting of Russians, Poles, Serbs, Bulgars (in 

 part), and Croats. It is the Teutonic branch which has supplied 

 many of the peoples of the recent Caucasic invasion of the tropics. 



The Melanochroi, or dark subdivision, has long, straight, wiry 

 black hair, black eyes, and only average height, while their char- 

 acters are fiery, impulsive, and fickle. For the present purposes 

 the Melanochroi may be subdivided into Hamites, Semites, Hindus, 

 and Dravidians. 



The Hamites may be further divided into a western division and 

 an eastern division. The Western Hamites are the Berbers, some- 

 times referred to as Libyans^ who are spread from the Canary Isles 

 in the west to the Oasis of Siva in the east, and from the Mediter- 

 ranean in the north to the Senegal River and southern boundaries 

 of the Sahara in the south. 



The original strain of the Berbers has become altered by admix- 

 ture with Arab blood in the north and negro blood in the south. 

 In the north they have suffered much from the irruptions of Phoeni- 

 cians, Romans, Greeks, Vandals, Arabs, and the European nations of 

 to-day. 



Two important sections of the Berbers must be recognized- — the 

 Agriculturists, as, for example, the Kabyles of Mauretania, who live 

 settled lives, and the Nomads, represented by the Tuaregs of the 

 Sahara. Tracing the various groups of true and mixed Berbers 

 from west to east, there are first of all the Guanches, or original 

 inhabitants of the Canary Isles, who show an afhnity to these 

 peoples; then the Trarza and Brakna of the Coast Sahara just 

 north of the Senegal River, who have a negro strain. The Moors of 

 Morocco miist be considered to be Berbers with a strong Arabic 

 strain. The principal groups of these are the Riffians of the north 

 of Morocco, the Brabers of the Atlas, the Shluh of Western Morocco, 

 the Sus between the great and small Atlas, and the Tafilat to the 

 south of the Atlas; but the last two have a negroid strain, as have 

 the Wargla. East of these come the Kabyico of Jurjura and the 

 Shauia of Aures, who are interesting because, according to authors, 

 some of them have chestnut hair and grey eyes. The Uled-Nails 

 of the Biskra district are mixed Berbers and Semites. 



South of the territories of these peoples are the interesting veiled 

 Tuaregs, with their centre in the Haggar Mountains, and their 

 division into Asgers (Asjars) in the east, Haggars (Ahaggars) in the 

 west, and Kelowis in the south ; and Awehmmiden on the Central 

 Niger. The veil, or litham, is used to protect them from the wind- 



