CAUCASIC DIVISION 



47 



blown sand of the desert. In the south of Algeria there are mixed 

 Berbers, Arabs, and negroes, such as the Beni-Mzab, the Wargla, 

 and other inhabitants of the oases. The Shaamba are Berbers 

 between the south of Tunis and the west of Tripoli. In Tripoli 

 itself there are Berbers mixed with Semites. South of these and 

 east of the Tuaregs lies Tibesti, the headquarters of the Tibus, who 

 are now Mohammedans with a slight mixture of Paganism. Far 

 south there are the Fulahs, who are Berbers with a great admixture 

 of negro blood, who are dispersed among the Sudanese negroes. 

 They took their origin on the Senegal, but later invaded the Hausa 

 States and formed the Empire of Sokoto. 



The easter^n division of the Hamites includes the Egyptians, the 

 Abyssinians, and the so-called Ethiopians or Nubians. The 

 Egyptians of to-day exist as the Christian Kopts and the Moham- 

 medan Fellahin. The Ethiopians include the Bejas or Bisharu, of 

 the land between the Red Sea and the Nile; the Afar or Danakil, 

 between Abyssinia and the Gulf of Aden ; the Somals of Somaliland, 

 who are much intermingled with negroes, Arabs, Afars, and Abys- 

 sinians; the Gallas or Ilru'Orma, in Southern Ethiopia or Gala- 

 land proper; and the Masai of Masailand, intermediate between the 

 Galla and the Wahuma or Wahima, who are dispersed among the 

 Bantu peoples of the great lakes, and are believed by some to be the 

 originators of the Bantu dialects. 



The Semites have their primeval home in Arabia, from v/bich 

 they wandered in various directions — e.g., the Himyarites or 

 Southern Arabs to Abyssinia, the Arabs. proper to North Africa 

 and to the east coast of Africa, producing profound effects. They 

 may be classified into South Arabians, including Himyarites and 

 their derivatives, certain tribes of the Abyssinians, and the Northern 

 or true Arabs, the Assyrians, Amorites, and Canaanites, which 

 included the Hebrews and Phoenicians, both of which have pro- 

 duced effects upon man in Africa, where to-day the Jew is found in 

 numbers in Tripoli and Algeria. 



The Hindus. — The Aryans are thought by Keane to have arisen 

 as a fusion of many Caucasic and some Mongolic elements with an 

 original xanthochroid basis, and to have lived in a Eurasian home, 

 probably in the steppes between the Ural and Caucasian Mountains 

 and in the Aral-Caspian depression and the regions of Turkestan; 

 for, as he points out, in Neolithic times this region was very suitable 

 for human life, being then well watered, but the gradual drying of 

 Asia would compel these primitive Ar^/ans to wander westwards 

 into Europe, and south-eastwards into the Iranian plateau and 

 India, and it is with this last migration that we are at present con- 

 cerned. In this extent there is only one non- Aryan survival — viz., 

 the Brahui of Eastern Baluchistan. The important groups are the 

 Hindus, Bengalis, Punjabis, Kashmiris, Gujaratis, and Sinhalese. 



The Dravidians include a vast congeries of tribes, which, if the 

 so-called Pre-Dra vidian jungle peoples be excepted, form every- 

 where in India the basis of the population. The pure Dravidian 



