ETH TOPIC DIVISION 



53 



tribes into the unhealthy delta of the Niger. The Fulani can also be traced 

 by their language right across Africa to Dar-Fur, 



All these negroes, pure and mixed, living in that region of Africa which is 

 called the Sudan, from the Arabic Beled-es- Sudan (Land of the Blacks), 

 speak languages of various stocks; but very different is the language of the 

 Bantu-speaking peoples of the portion of Africa south of a line approximately 

 drawn eastwards from the Rio del Rey River, near the northern boundary of 

 the Kamerun, which separates the Bantu peoples from the Sudan peoples. 



It is quite impossible here to mention the many changes which have been 

 brought about in the position of the various Bantu tribes by the slave-trade, 

 migra,tions of local tribes, as well as those of Caucasians; but these influences 

 have produced many changes even during the nineteenth century, of which 

 some are known, particularly in South Africa. 



The slave raids began with the expeditions of the ancient Egyptians, and 

 continued until ciuite recently, when the last Arabic raiders were checked by 

 the Caucasic migration. 



Loca,lly, movements of Congo tribes southwards, and southern tribes north- 

 wards and interior tribes coastwards, ha\^e caused much confusion; but 

 perhaps, of all the movements, those of the Ama-Zulu and their descendants, 

 the Zulu, especially under Chaka, together with those of the Barotse and the 

 Mantati, and the Ova-Herero, are the most remarkable or best known. 

 Curious causes have called forth these migrations. First of all, 'the physical 

 features of Africa have had a great effect upon the occuj)ations, and hence 

 upon the migrations of its people; secondly, the urgent need for salt in 

 vegetal-feeding peoples, driving them coastwards; and, lastly, the endemic 

 and epidemic disease factor, which is demonstrated by the weaker tribes 

 being driven into the most unhealthy regions. The Caucasic migrations of 

 the Dutch and English in South Africa have also had great effect in driving 

 the native tribes northwards and in exterminating them. 



Oceania. — The eastward or Oceanic migration of Ethiopic man is extremely 

 difficult to follow, and may have taken place largely on foot over land bridges, 

 which at that time existed, and later in canoes by water. 



The negritoes, or pygmies, are represented to-day by the Andamanese, the 

 Semangs of Malaysia, the Aeta of the Philippines, and the pygmies of New 

 Guinea; while the Oceanic negroes gave rise to the extinct Tasmanians and 

 the Papuans proper, the latter forming the ground stock of Melanesia. 



Classification,— Ethnologically, the Ethiopic millions are classified 

 into two principal sections^ — ^the Western or African, and the 

 Eastern or Oceanic, section. 



The stature of the Ethiopics of the Oceanic section is less than 

 that of the Africans, the hair is more wiry, the nose is large and 

 straight, the lips are not so thick, and are not everted as they are 

 in the Africans. The Oceanics are more savage, but they show 

 artistic taste and execute wood-carving. 



The Western or African Section contains negritoes and negroes. 

 The negrito is dwarfish, with yellowish-brown colour, reddish-brown 

 woolly hair, and brachycephalic skull; while the negro is tall, of 

 blackish colour, with jet-black frizzy hair and dolichocephalic skull. 



The African negro may be subdivided into negroes living north 

 of the Equator and not speaking the Bantu dialects, which include 

 the West and Central Sudanese, the Welle River groups, the Nilotic 

 groups, and the Nubas of Kordofan, and into groups living south of 

 the Equator and speaking the Bantu dialects; while in the extreme 

 south are found the Hottentots and Bushmen, 



The Eastern or Oceanic Section contains also negritoes and negroes, 

 distinguished as above mentioned. 



