NEMA THELMINTHES 



Classification. — The Acanthocephala are divided into four families by 

 Hamann and Shipley : — EchinorTiynchidae, Gigantorhynchidae, Neorhynchidse', 

 and Arhynchidae. Human parasites, which are very rare, are only found in 

 the first two families. 



ECHINORHYNCHID^. 



Acanthocephala with elongated, smooth body; proboscis can be retracted 

 into a sheath with double walls. 



Genus. — Echinorhynchus Miiller, 1776. 



Eehinophynehus (Miiiier, 1776). 



Echinorhynchus hominis Lambl, 1859. 



This parasite was found in the intestine of a boy who died of leukaemia; 

 it was 5'6 millimetres long. There appears to be much doubt as to whether this 

 really was Echinorhynchus. 



GiGANTORHYNCHIDiE. 



Gigantorhynehus Hamann, 1892. 



Large Acanthocephala with ringed, flat, taeniform bodies. 



Gigantorhynchus gigas (Goeze, 1782). 



This parasite was alleged by Lindemann to occur in man in South Russia, 

 where Schneider says Melolontha is eaten raw. It is 10 to 15 centimetres long; 

 eggs 80 to 100 fjL long, with three shells. Its usual life-history is that the 

 adult is found in pigs, and the larva in Melolontha vulgaris, Cetonia aurata, 

 or Lachnosterna arenata. 



Gigantorhynchus moniliformis (Bremser, 191 1). 



Synonym. — Echinorhynchus rnoniliformis Bremser, 191 1. 



Leiper records a parasite found in a Sudanese by Christopherson as probably 

 belonging to this species. It has also been seen in man by Grassi and Calan- 

 druccio. The worm is found in Europe, Africa, and Brazil. 



Morphology. — -White body with attenuated ends with many rings, making 

 it closely resemble a Porocephalus. Male 4 to 5 centimetres in length, with a 

 bursa visible to the naked eye. Female 7 to 10 centimetres long. Eggs ellip- 

 soidal, 85 ^ by 45 ^. 



Life-History, — The intermediate host is Blaps mucronata. Calandruccio has 

 shown experimentally that it can develop in the human body. 



REFERENCES. 



Nemathelminthes. 



Hamann (1891). Die Nemathelminthen, Jena. 

 Schneider (1866). Monographic der Nematoden. Berlin. 

 Shipley (1896). Cambridge Natural History, ii. 123. 



NEMATODA. 



Anguillula aceti. 



Marocchi (1907). Gior. R. A. Med. Torino, Ixx. 1-2, p. 3. 

 Orley (1880). Monographie der Anguilluliden. Budapest. 

 Stiles and Frankland (1902). Bur. Anim. Industry, United States De- 

 partment of Agriculture, Bull. No. 35, p. 35. Washington. 



Anguillullna putrefaciens. 



BoTKiN (1883). Vet. Kl. Wochenschrift. 



