882 



THE ANIMAL CARRIERS OF DISEASES 



with this animal, may also be a definitive host, as may Lamus 

 infestans and L. sordida ; while Brumpt has shown that T. cruzi 

 can develop in Clinocoris lectularius and in Leptocimex honeti. (It 

 must be remembered that Triatoma can be infected naturally with a 

 trypanosome.) 



There is no evidence of hereditary infection in these insects, 

 but there is some evidence that at times infection may be contamina- 

 tive from the insect faeces via the bite, but this requires more in- 

 vestigation. 



The chart of this disease would be: — 



Chagas' Disease. 



Parasite. 



Definitive 

 Host. 



Infection. 



Inter- 

 mediate 

 Host. 



Intermediate 

 Reservoir. 



Trans- 

 mission. 



Trypanosoma 

 cruzi. 



Lamus 

 megistus 

 (synonym, 

 Triatoma 

 megista) . 



Short sali- 

 vary try- 

 panosomes. 



Inoculative. 



Man. 



Dasypus 

 novemcinctus. 



Male and 

 female try- 

 panosomes. 



Ingestive. 



Leishmaniasis. — The nature of the carrier and the reservoir is 

 very uncertain at the present moment. Judging by the more 

 marked resistance of the dog to experimental infection in India and 

 the Sudan, we may assume that there are at least two kinds of 

 kala-azar. It is believed by certain authorities that a flea is the 

 transmitter of the Mediterranean type, whereas the Indian and 

 Sudan type are not so transmitted. Patton's incrimination of the 

 bug has not stood the test of time. Archibald has suggested and 

 brought forward evidence that, at least in regard to the Sudan, 

 infection is probably due to the ingestion of cysts from water 

 arthropods. 



The development of generalized kala-azar in Archibald's monkeys, 

 after the successful inoculation of Oriental sore, points to a close 

 relationship between the two diseases, as suggested long ago by 

 Manson. 



There is no complete evidence at present that the espundia 

 parasite is essentially different fromlhat of kala-azar, but it may 

 prove in the long run to be different, because of its marked different 

 clinical results. 



The present state of our knowledge, which is unsatisfactory, may 

 be summarized as follows: — 



