'X 



X 



PHLEBOTOMUS - - 809 



may be determined, even when they cannot be found, by placing 

 the stones in a glass case or under fine netting, when the adult flies 

 will appear in due course if any pupae are present. 



FathogemGity ,—Phlebofomus papatasii Scopoli, 1786, is the carrier 

 of the virus of ' Pappataci fever,' and the whole genus is composed 

 of virulent blood-suckers, whose bite is generally severe, and may 

 be quite painful to non-immune, new arrivals, when the sensations 

 produced by the bite is stated to resemble that which people imagine 

 ought to be experienced by the application of a red-hot needle. 

 The area of the bite becomes a small rose-red papule, surrounded 

 by a reddish macula, the total result being a maculo-papule, which 

 may persist for several days, and is associated for a day or so with 

 a sensation of itching. Children are especially liable to be attacked. 



Prophylaxis. — Newstead classifies the possible means of prophy- 

 laxis into — (i) Repellents, (2) fumigation, (3) light, (4) artificial 

 air movements, (5) traps, (6) nets, (7) destruction of breeding- 

 grounds, and of all these he thinks that very fine spraying with a 

 I per cent, solution of formalin is the most effective, especially if 

 performed during the day into the dark portions and angles of the 

 sleeping-chamber, while the mosquito curtain might be sprayed 

 towards night. He thinks that an electric fan and a modified 

 biscuit -box trap lined with dark cloth and placed high up in dark 

 places of the sleeping-chamber would be useful. Major Crawford 

 recommends the following ointment for personal use : Oleum anisi, 

 I drachm ; oleum eucalypti, i drachm ; oleum terebinthinae, J drachm ; 

 and unguentum acidi borici, i ounce. 



Species. — The species are fairly numerous, and may be grouped geographic- 

 ally as follows ' — • 



Europe. — Phlebotomus papatasii Scopoli, 1786 (type species); P. minutus 

 Rondani, 1840; P. mascitii Grassi, 1908; P. nigerrimus Newstead, 191 1 ; P. per- 

 niciosus Newstead, 191 1. 



Africa. — P. duboscquii Neveu-Lemaire, 1906, found in Timbuktu. 



Asia. — P. papatasii Scopoli, i786(?) ; P. argentipes Anna,ndale, 1910; P. major 

 Annandale, 1910; P. malabaricus Annandale, 1910; P. babu Annandale, 1910; 

 P. himalayensis Annandale, 1910; P. perturbans Meijere; P. angustipennis 

 Meijere. 



America. — P. vexator Coquillett, 1906; P. cruciatus CoqyiiWQtt, 1906; P. ros- 

 trans Summers, 191 2. 



Newstead gives the following table for the purpose of recognizing the 

 Phlebotomi of Malta: — 



A. Abdominal Hairs Recumbent: — 



{a) Integument black. Large species. Palpi with second segment 

 slightly longer than the third — P. nigerrimus. 



(6) Integument ochreous. Small species. Palpi with second seg- 

 ment one-half the length of the third — P. minutus and 

 P. minutus var. africanus Newstead, 



B. Abdominal Hairs more or less Erect : — ■ 



{a) Legs in both sexes relatively short; average length of hind-leg 



3 millimetres — P. perniciosus. 



{b) Legs in both sexes relatively long; average length of hind-leg 



4 millimetres — P. papatasii. 



Othsv species are: — P. squamiplairis in Khartoum; P. antennatus, Gold 

 Coast; P. vexatov, P. legeri Mansion, 1914, Corsica; P. duboscquii, Mauritania, 



