666 



NEMA THELMINTHES 



capsule wall. The aperture of the dorsal oesophageal gland can 

 be seen in the dorsal wall of the mouth cap >ule. 



Male with a three-lobed bursa, broader than long, with two 

 spicules. Female with vulva behind the middle of the body. 



_ Species.— A number of species are known in man, dogs, bears, 

 civet cats, and other carnivora, 



Ancylostoma duodenale Dubini, 1843 



Synonyms,— Strongylus quadridentatus von Siebold, 1851 ; Doch- 

 mius ancylostomum Molin, i860; Sclerostoma duodenale Cobbold; 

 Strongylus duodenale Schneider, 1866; Dochmius duodenalis Leuc- 

 kart, 1876, pro parte. 



Fig. 288. — Ancylo.toma Fig. 289. — Ancylostoma duodenale Dubini, 

 duodenale DvT&mi, i^^Z'- 1843: Male Bursa. 



Male. 



(From photographs by J. J. Bell.) 



This worm, which is the great cause of tropical anaemia, was per- 

 haps known to the ancient Egyptians under the term ' Heltu/ men- 

 tioned in the ' Ebers Papyrus,' which is supposed to have been 

 written some 1550 years B.C. the disease being called A.A.A., and 

 a remedy being advised. Perhaps the same anaemia is referred to in 

 the ' Harita Samhita ' under the term ' pandu roga,' which was 

 said to be caused by swallowing clay. If this is correct, then 

 knowledge of anaemia due to geophagy is very old indeed. If the 

 ancients did really know about this worm, and the disease caused 

 thereby, the knowledge was totally lost, and it was not till Dubini 

 in 1838 discovered the worm in a peasant Woman in Milan that 

 modern medicine knew anything about its existence. Pruner, in 

 1846, found the parasites in Egypt, and Griesinger, in 1851, showed 



