722 



ARTHROPODA 



gated transversely. Mandibles with two teeth on the internal 

 apophysis, and external with five teeth. 



Life-History. — ^The female lays about i,ooo eggs in about one to 

 two weeks; the eggs take six weeks to hatch into a larva, which 

 remain one week on the first host and then four weeks on the 

 earth before it becomes a nymph. This stage requires one week on 

 the second host and eight weeks on the earth before it becomes the 

 adult, which seeks the third host, copulates, sucks blood, and drops 

 off to la}^ eggs. 



Pathogenicity. — -It acquires Piroplasma bigeminuM from infected 

 cattle in the adult stage, and spreads it to fresh cattle in the larval 

 and nymphal stages. 



Ixodes hexagonus Leach, 1815. 



Synonyms. — -Ixodes autumnalis Leach, 1815; I. erinacei Audouin, 

 1832; /. reduvius Audouin, 1832; /. sexpundatus Koch, 1847. 

 This is the European dog tick. 



Pathogenicity. — ^According to Blanchard, the tick can transmit 

 Piroplasma canis Piana and Galli Valerio, 1895. 



Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld, 1853. 



Synonyms. — -Sarconissus Kolenati, 1857; Hcemalastor Neumann. 

 1889. 



Ixodinae without eyes, and with a long rostrum. Palpi pyriform 

 in the male and claviform in the female. Pre-anal groove opening 

 posteriorly. Stigmata circular. Legs long. 



Male with dorsal and ventral irregular chitinous thickenings. 



Female with very fine parallel grooves. 



Type Species.— vespertilionisQ. L. Koch, 1844. 



There are over seven species found on bats and in caves. 



Aponomma Neumann, 1899. 

 Synonym. — Ophiodes Murray, 1877. 



Ixodinse without eyes, and with the base of capitulum usually 

 pentagonal, with dorso-lateral border very short; palpi long. Post- 

 anal groove. Ventral sexual grooves. 



Male nearly as broad as long, with a scutum marked with green 

 spots covering the whole dorsal surface. 



Female scutum shorter than broad. 



Type St^qqXqs,— Aponomma gervaisi Lucas, 1847. 



These ticks are found chiefly on reptiles, but are also found on 

 other animals. 



Ceratixodes Neumann, 1904. 



Ixodinae with long palpi, without eyes, and without anal groove 

 in female. Stigmata circular. One anal and two adanal shields in 

 the male. 



Type Species. — Ceratixodes putus Cambridge, 1879. It lives on 

 sea-birds, and is found on cliffs, while C. signatus Banks, 1908, is 

 known in North America. 



