1 28o THE A FRICA N TR YPA NOSOMIA SES 



supported the idea of exterminating the big game, because they 

 may be the vertebrate reservoir, but this requires further proof, 

 and is therefore at present too radical a measure. 



Destruction of the PupcB. — ^Minchin has suggested the breeding of 

 the jungle-fowl to destroy the pupae, which, as discovered by Bag- 

 shawe, are found in the turf among the roots of banana and other 

 trees. Balfour and others have suggested trapping the adult flies 

 in various ways. Further information, however, is necessary on 

 the enemies of the pupae and adult tsetse-flies. 



Personal Prophylaxis. — Natives in the fly zones should be en- 

 couraged to wear suitable clothing, and the reason explained to them. 

 Europeans should be careful not to expose their legs and hands 

 to be bitten. High boots, puttees, or leggings should be worn, and 

 where the flies abound gloves and veils, though very uncomfortable, 

 are of service. White clothes are better than dark ones, as it has 

 been long observed that the tsetse-fly, as well as many other insects, 

 have a preference for black or dark colours. The use of volatile 

 substances such as citronella oil has been advised by some. Unfor- 

 tunatety, the odour of such substances is repellent to many persons. 



Morgenroth and Halberstaedter have shown that certain derivates 

 of quinine, in the lower animals, prevent an experimental trypano- 

 some infection, and Bagshawe suggests that a daily dose of quinine 

 may be useful in man. 



Vaccination. — -Attempts at vaccination have not yet entered a 

 practical stage, as inoculation with dead or attenuated viruses have 

 so far failed in the lower animals. 



Summary of Prophylactic Measures. 



I. General measures : — 



1. Co-operation of various Governments, especially in controlling 



the movements of non-infected natives. 



2. Formation of medical posts of inspection at suitable places to 



prevent infected natives entering non-infected areas and vice 

 versa. 



3 . Segregation of the sick, if possible, in districts free from GlossincB, 



or where the climatic conditions are unf a vo arable for the 

 development of the trypanosome in the fly. 



4. Clearing of the bush near villages and along the water's edge, 



especially at landing-places, fords, and ferries. 



5. In certain cases— especially with regard to C. rhodesiensis — the 



destruction of large game, especially antelopes. (This is still 

 sub judice.) 

 II. Personal measures: — 



1 . Avoidance of bites by wearing white clothing, high boots, puttees, 



and the putty pattern of leggings. 



2. Immediate disinfection of a bite by painting it with tincture of 



iodine or by applying a solution of formalin (i in 40). 



TRYPANOSOME FEVERS. 



Definition.— The trypanosome fevers of man are caused by a 

 monomorphic trypanosome allied to Duttonella vivax Ziemann, 

 1905, and to an unspecified germ alHed to C astellanella evansi, and 



