1262 



THE AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASES 



by previous observers, the fever and the peculiar tremors; and 

 Christy published many interesting epidemiological features con- . 

 cerning the disease. In 1903 Sir David Bruce and Nabarro showed 

 that the trypanosome was spread by Glossina palpalis Robineau- 

 Desvoidy, a conclusion already reached by Sambon and Brumpt 

 on epidemiological grounds. From 1903-05 much clinical, experi- 

 mental, and epidemiological work was done by Dutton, Todd, and 

 Christy, the Commissions of the Royal Society and various Govern- 

 ments, and by the members of the Liverpool School of Tropical 

 Medicine. Kleine, in a series of important researches, has experi- 

 mentally shown that C. castellanii undergoes a cycle of development 

 in G. palpalis — a fact which has been fully confirmed and extended 

 by Sir David and Lady Bruce, Hamerton and Mackie, and Miss 

 Robertson, as well as Fraser and Duke. 



Koch, Laveran, Mesnil, Minchin, Blanchard, Greig, Gray, TuUoch, 

 Kinghorn, Montgomery, Martin, Pittaluga, Leboeuf, and Roubaud, 

 have all studied the disease and its epidemiology, and an Inter- 

 national Conference was held in 1907 in London, and a Bureau for 

 the study of the disease founded. This bureau for some time 

 issued monthly bulletins, which are most valuable to the student of 

 the disease ; but recentl}^ it has become converted into the Bureau of 

 Tropical Diseases. 



In 1910 Stephens and Fantham created a new species of trypano- 

 some (C. rhodesiensis Stephens and Fantham, 1910) for the parasites 

 found in cases of sleeping sickness in the Luangeva Valley in 

 Rhodesia, because the trophonucleus of a certain percentage of 

 short forms was situate either close to, or even on the afiagellar 

 side of, the kinetonucleus. In 1912 Kinghorn and Yorke showed*^ 

 that this trypanosome was transmissible by G. morsitans West- 

 wood, 1850 ; and in the same year these observers pointed out the 

 importance of the meteorological conditions on the development 

 of the trypanosome in the fly. Further work has been done by 

 Sanderson, Murray, Shircore, and others. As regards the history of 

 the treatment, arsenic was long ago considered beneficial for the 

 trypanosomiases of animals, Livingstone being the first to apply 

 the drug to a horse for the purpose of treating nagana. Since then 

 it has been used for the same purpose by several persons, notably 

 by Lingard (1893) for surra and by Bruce (1896) for nagana, 

 while Laveran and Mesnil introduced sodium arseniate in 1902 for 

 the same disease, E. J. Moore and Chichester advocated the use 

 of hypodermic injections of arsenic, and Thomas and Breinl of 

 the same of sodium arseniate. In the meanwhile Manson had 

 treated several cases of sleeping sickness with arsenic (liquor 

 arsenicalis) ; and Ehrlich and Shiga had treated various experi- 

 mental trypanosomiases with colouring compounds belonging to 

 the benzo-purpurin group, of which trypan-red is the best known. 

 Laveran and Mesnil also did some valuable researches on the 

 subject. Thomas, in 1905, first brought the drug ' atoxyl ' to the 

 notice of the profession as a means of treatment of experimental 



