1742 DISEASES OF THE MOUTH, THROAT, AND STOMACH 



Berg in Stockholm, in 1842, studied the condition very carefully 

 and gave some details on the morphology of the fungus, while Vogel 

 demonstrated the contagiousness of the malady. Gruby, in 1842, 

 considered the fungus to belong to the genus Sporotrichum, and 

 called the affection aphthaphyte. 



Robin gave a full description of the fungus in 1847, and considered 

 it to be closely related to Oidium Utckeri, which attacks the leaves 

 of vine-trees, and to Oidium lactis. In 1853 he called it Oidium 

 albicans. 



In 1866 Halher considered the fungus to be a Stemphyhum, and 

 called it Stemphylium polymorphum. In 1868 Quinquaud created a 

 new genus, Syringospora, and named the fungus Syringospora robini. 

 In 1877 Grawitz considered the organism to be identical with 

 Mycoderma vini. 



In 1878 Rees placed the fungus in the genus Saccharomyces 

 (S. albicans). In 1885 Plant grew it in pure culture and considered 

 it to be identical with Monilia Candida Bonorden, which is often 

 found in cow-dung. 



In more recent times the condition has been studied by Klemperer, 

 Roux, Linossier, Vuillemin, and others, while Castellani has shown 

 that the affection may be caused by a multiplicity of fungi. Pi j per 

 has recently described a case of thrush in South Africa due to 

 Hemispora rugosa Castellani. 



Climatology. — Thrush is very common throughout the tropics, 

 but it is found also very frequently in temperate and cold climates. 



Etiology. — It is generally stated that thrush is due to Oidium 

 albicans Robin (synonyms: Monilia, Saccharomyces, Parasaccharo- 

 myces, Endomyces, Syringospora albicans, Syringospora robini, 

 Stemphylium polymorphum) , but the researches of Castellani carried 

 out both in the tropics and in temperate zones have shown that the 

 term Oidium albicans has been used to cover a multiplicity of fungi, 

 and that the affection may be caused by hyphomycetes belonging 

 to different species, genera, and families. The fungi capable of 

 producing thrush may be classified as follows: — 



Fungi Imperfecti : — 



Genus Monilia Persoon. 



Genus Oidium Link. 



Genus Hemispora Vuillemin. 

 AscomycetacecB : — 



Genus Endomyces Link. 



Fungi of Genus Monilia Persoon. — Fungi of the genus Monilia 

 Persoon are by far the most frequently met with, and there is little 

 doubt that the fungus described by Robin under the name Oidium 

 albicans belongs to this genus. For details on fungi of this genus the 

 reader is referred to Chapter XXXIX., p. 1079. The species most 

 commonly found in the tropics are of the types Monilia tropicalis 

 Castellani, Monilia pinoyi Castellani, Monilia parapinoyi Castellani, 



